{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T18:02:19Z","timestamp":1781632939701,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: Movement disorders are an underrecognized phenomenon in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-Associated Disease (MOGAD). The aim of this paper was to summarize all movement disorders previously described in MOGAD. Materials and Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus in English, focusing on patients with MOGAD exhibiting a movement disorder, i.e., ataxia, tremor, dystonia, parkinsonism, chorea, athetosis, myoclonus, ballism, tics, stereotypies, dyskinesia. Results: We included 58 studies, with a total of 91 patients with MOGAD and a movement disorder (45.6% male, 54.4% female). Movement disorders had a mean latency of 2.1 years (\u00b16.9, 0\u201342) after MOGAD onset; however, they could be the presenting feature (in approximately 70% of cases), especially in pediatric patients. Cerebellar ataxia was the most common movement disorder, occurring in 77 patients (84.6%). Tremor, postural and\/or kinetic, was the second most common movement disorder (15%). Dystonia was reported in 8.8%, presenting as cervical, or limb dystonia or stereotyped dystonic episodes. Myoclonus and hypokinetic movement disorders were rare. Subcortical (in 60%), brainstem and cerebellar lesions (in 50% respectively) were the most common imaging findings. The most common accompanying symptoms were encephalopathy, fever and headache. Approximately half of the patients made a full recovery, and the other half showed a significant improvement in the movement disorder after immunomodulatory treatment, most commonly steroids. Conclusions: The new onset of a movement disorder, especially ataxia, in a young patient should prompt the search for MOGAD or can indicate a relapse in patients with an established diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62040693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T04:10:27Z","timestamp":1775448627000},"page":"693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Movement Disorders in MOGAD: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4541-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Kalampokini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2666-8183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonis","family":"Frontistis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonis","family":"Pilavas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8156-4440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iraklis","family":"Keramidiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurosurgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianthi","family":"Arnaoutoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3335-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasilios K.","family":"Kimiskidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6057-3749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Effrosyni","family":"Koutsouraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrosius, W., Michalak, S., Kozubski, W., and Kalinowska, A. 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