{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:35:18Z","timestamp":1785429318233,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy","award":["646\/18\/11.01.2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["646\/18\/11.01.2024"]}]},{"name":"\u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy","award":["777\/16\/13.01.2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["777\/16\/13.01.2025"]}]},{"award":["646\/18\/11.01.2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["646\/18\/11.01.2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/051h0cw83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["777\/16\/13.01.2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["777\/16\/13.01.2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/051h0cw83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization","award":["120PED\/5.05.2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["120PED\/5.05.2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Mechanical subgingival instrumentation remains the gold standard in periodontitis treatment; however, it may leave residual debris and induce surface alterations. Adjunctive strategies such as air polishing and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) might optimize root surface conditions. Objective: To evaluate, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) combined with EDTA, with or without adjunctive erythritol- or glycine-based air polishing, on root surface alterations and smear layer formation. Materials and Methods: Ten extracted human teeth affected by periodontitis (yielding twenty samples) were included. Two teeth served as descriptive controls. The remaining teeth were allocated to four treatment groups. The first three groups included samples obtained from the middle portion of the roots: S (SRP + EDTA), Se (SRP + erythritol air polishing + EDTA), and Sg (SRP + glycine air polishing + EDTA). The fourth group, Js, consisted of samples from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) treated with SRP + EDTA. SEM images were appreciated qualitatively and assessed using ordinal scores (0\u20133) for marks, cracks (\u00d7100), and smear layer (\u00d71000). Non-parametric statistics were applied. Results: A significant difference in mark scores was found among S, Se, and Sg samples (H = 13.411, p = 0.001), with Se samples showing lower mark scores than S (p = 0.001). Crack scores also differed among groups (H = 12.038, p = 0.002), with higher values observed in Se compared to S (p = 0.001). Smear layer scores did not differ among groups (H = 0.102, p = 0.950). Compared with S samples, Js differed only in marks (p = 0.009), with no significant differences in cracks or smear layer. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, root surface alterations and smear layer formation showed variable responses across treatment protocols, with comparable smear layer scores. Similar effects were observed for CEJ and mid-root samples; however, these findings should be interpreted with caution. Further studies are needed to clarify the potential clinical relevance of these observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62040753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T14:24:58Z","timestamp":1776176698000},"page":"753","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Adjunctive EDTA and Air-Polishing Powders on Periodontitis-Affected Root Surfaces: A SEM Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"\u0218tefania Sorina","family":"Ifrim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Applicative Periodontal Regeneration and Pediatrics Dental Medicine Research Center, Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Victor Babe\u0219 St., No. 15, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"C\u00e2ndea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Applicative Periodontal Regeneration and Pediatrics Dental Medicine Research Center, Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Victor Babe\u0219 St., No. 15, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor St., No. 3-5, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8452-6410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrada","family":"Soanc\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Applicative Periodontal Regeneration and Pediatrics Dental Medicine Research Center, Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Victor Babe\u0219 St., No. 15, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor St., No. 3-5, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0649-9426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Applicative Periodontal Regeneration and Pediatrics Dental Medicine Research Center, Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Victor Babe\u0219 St., No. 15, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Emergency County Clinical Hospital, Clinicilor St., No. 3-5, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4549-3526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0218tefan","family":"Vesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Marinescu St., No. 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2858-8470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silviu","family":"Albu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Otolaryngology, Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Republicii St., No. 18-20, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"\u0218urlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Research Center of Periodontal-Systemic Interactions, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4434-1267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Dinte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ion Creanga St., No. 12, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7919-7381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emoke","family":"Pall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400374 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosmin","family":"Ifrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Iuliu Ha\u021bieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor St., No. 32, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0360-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucian","family":"Barbu-Tudoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnologies, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Clinicilor St., No. 5-7, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Electron Microscopy Integrated Laboratory (LIME), National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, INCDTIM, 67-103 Donath St., 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.103883","article-title":"Global and regional burden of periodontal disease in adults (1990\u20132021)","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. 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