{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T01:33:04Z","timestamp":1788139984154,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Tamoxifen, a cornerstone selective estrogen receptor modulator in breast cancer therapy, is increasingly recognized to be associated with retinal toxicity characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative DNA injury. By targeting mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction and redox disequilibrium, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) emerges as a biologically plausible candidate for retinal cytoprotection. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of ATP against tamoxifen-induced retinal toxicity in a rat model. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male albino Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: healthy control (HG), ATP-alone (ATPG, 4 mg\/kg, intraperitoneally), tamoxifen-alone (TAMG, 5 mg\/kg, orally), and tamoxifen plus ATP-treated (ATAG; ATP, 4 mg\/kg, intraperitoneally; tamoxifen, 5 mg\/kg, orally). Treatments were administered once daily for 30 days. Oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, total glutathione), antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase), and oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine) were assessed in ocular tissues. Retinal histopathological evaluation included hematoxylin\u2013eosin staining with semiquantitative assessment of edema, vascular congestion, polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration, and cytoplasmic vacuolization, together with quantitative measurements of retinal layer thicknesses and ganglion cell layer (GCL) cell counts. Results: Tamoxifen administration induced marked oxidative stress, antioxidant depletion, and increased oxidative DNA damage in ocular tissues, accompanied by significant thickening of retinal layers, reduced GCL cell counts, and pronounced disruption of retinal architecture. By comparison, ATP co-administration significantly suppressed lipid peroxidation and restored antioxidant defenses, thereby reducing oxidative DNA damage and preserving retinal structural integrity, as reflected by partial normalization of retinal layer thicknesses, preservation of GCL cell counts, and the presence of only mild residual edema. Conclusions: These findings indicate that ATP attenuates tamoxifen-induced retinal toxicity by supporting mitochondrial energy balance and redox homeostasis. Accordingly, ATP administration may represent a promising protective approach for reducing retinal injury associated with long-term tamoxifen therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62040787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T13:22:47Z","timestamp":1776691367000},"page":"787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Protective Role of Adenosine Triphosphate Against Tamoxifen-Induced Retinal Toxicity in a Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0347-7827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezgi","family":"Karatas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri 04200, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7576-0678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bulent","family":"Yavuzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seher","family":"Koksaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri 04200, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2059-0696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Kayabasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Mus State Hospital, Mus 49200, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3491-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esra Tuba","family":"Sezgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, Erzincan 24036, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8826-5502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cengiz","family":"Sarigul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozlem","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahadir","family":"Suleyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9239-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halis","family":"Suleyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Patel, P., and Jacobs, T.F. (2026). Tamoxifen. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2017-0423","article-title":"Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer: Exploiting Signaling Pathways Implicated in Endocrine Resistance","volume":"23","author":"Brufsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-7372(02)00036-1","article-title":"Tamoxifen (\u201cNolvadex\u201d): A review","volume":"28","author":"Clemons","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2007.00709.x","article-title":"Induction of mitochondria-involved apoptosis in estrogen receptor-negative cells by a novel tamoxifen derivative, ridaifen-B","volume":"99","author":"Nagahara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2023.02.003","article-title":"Tamoxifen retinopathy","volume":"68","author":"Bazvand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1996.14.3.1018","article-title":"Tamoxifen-associated eye disease. A review","volume":"14","author":"Nayfield","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2020.12.028","article-title":"A case of tamoxifen retinopathy associated with intermediate uveitis","volume":"44","author":"Ninet","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fr. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2023.07.003","article-title":"Tamoxifen retinopathy: A comprehensive review","volume":"69","author":"Tenney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020422900704","article-title":"Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of drug-induced retinopathy","volume":"229","author":"Toler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06558-5","article-title":"Oxidative stress-regulatory role of miR-10b-5p in the diabetic human cornea revealed through integrated multi-omics analysis","volume":"69","author":"Zha","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-3099","article-title":"Tamoxifen induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis via stimulating mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase","volume":"67","author":"Nazarewicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-021-00411-y","article-title":"Tamoxifen and oxidative stress: An overlooked connection","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/17.8.1747","article-title":"Production of 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxguanosine in DNA by microsomal activation of tamoxifen and 4-hydroxytamoxifen","volume":"17","author":"Ye","year":"1996","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e2708","article-title":"Determination of DNA Damage in the Retina Photoreceptors of Drosophila","volume":"8","author":"Milena","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bio Protoc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.10.038","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Tamoxifen Retinopathy","volume":"127","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Dunn, J., and Grider, M.H. (2026). Physiology, Adenosine Triphosphate. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.2000.11511231","article-title":"Changes in ATP, ADP and pyridine nucleotide levels related to the incidence of physiological disorders in \u2018Conference\u2019 pears and \u2018Jonagold\u2019 apples during controlled atmosphere storage","volume":"75","author":"Saquet","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110387","article-title":"Effects of adenosine triphosphate and coenzyme Q10 on potential hydroxychloroquine-induced retinal damage in rats","volume":"255","author":"Ozbay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/jmau.jmau_79_21","article-title":"The Effect of Tamoxifen Citrate on Granulosa Cells of Ovarian Follicles in Adult Female Rats: Light Microscopic Study","volume":"12","author":"Aljassim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Microsc. Ultrastruct."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1080\/15569527.2023.2227265","article-title":"Effect of adenosine triphosphate on amiodarone-induced optic neuropathy in rats: Biochemical and histopathological evaluation","volume":"42","author":"Bayrakceken","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M.T., Baker, M., Browne, W.J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I.C., and Dirnagl, U. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000410"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"E255","article-title":"Ethical considerations regarding animal experimentation","volume":"63","author":"Kiani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327120940365","article-title":"Protective effect of adenosine triphosphate against sunitinib-related skin damage in rats","volume":"39","author":"Yildirim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2014.08.009","article-title":"Purines in the eye: Recent evidence for the physiological and pathological role of purines in the RPE, retinal neurons, astrocytes, Muller cells, lens, trabecular meshwork, cornea and lacrimal gland","volume":"127","author":"Sanderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Bancroft, J.D., and Gamble, M. (2008). Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, Elsevier Health Sciences. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813485099","article-title":"Principles for valid histopathologic scoring in research","volume":"50","author":"Olivier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, A.K., Rich, W., and Reilly, M.A. (2023). Oxidative stress in the brain and retina after traumatic injury. Front. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1021152"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.01.034","article-title":"High-glucose induces retinal pigment epithelium mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis and inhibits mitophagy by regulating ROS\/PINK1\/Parkin signal pathway","volume":"111","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7836828","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7836828","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Stress in Retinal Disease and the Early Intervention Strategies: A Review","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-021-00736-9","article-title":"The interplay of autophagy and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and therapy of retinal degenerative diseases","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1229","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation products and antioxidants in human disease","volume":"106","author":"Romero","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2013.130066","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant enzymes activity and malondialdehyde levels in patients with chronic periodontitis and diabetes mellitus","volume":"85","author":"Trivedi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-015-9961-4","article-title":"Augmentation of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in MCF7 cells by ascorbate-tamoxifen and\/or ascorbate-juglone treatments","volume":"52","author":"Sajadimajd","year":"2016","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruan, Y., Jiang, S., Musayeva, A., and Gericke, A. (2020). Oxidative Stress and Vascular Dysfunction in the Retina: Therapeutic Strategies. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080761"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4077\/CJP.2017.BAF435","article-title":"Protective effects of melatonin on the activity of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GSH content in organs of mice after administration of SNP","volume":"60","author":"Goc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101779","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the light-exposed retina and its implication in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"37","author":"Ozawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzm\u00e1n Mendoza, N.A., Homma, K., Osada, H., Toda, E., Ban, N., Nagai, N., Negishi, K., Tsubota, K., and Ozawa, Y. (2021). Neuroprotective Effect of 4-Phenylbutyric Acid against Photo-Stress in the Retina. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071147"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5016","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201902387RR","article-title":"Neuroprotective and vision-protective effect of preserving ATP levels by AMPK activator","volume":"34","author":"Kawashima","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maiuolo, J., Bulotta, R.M., Oppedisano, F., Bosco, F., Scarano, F., Nucera, S., Guarnieri, L., Ruga, S., Macri, R., and Caminiti, R. (2022). Potential Properties of Natural Nutraceuticals and Antioxidants in Age-Related Eye Disorders. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202207.0118.v1"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2008.00208.x","article-title":"Taurine prevents tamoxifen-induced mitochondrial oxidative damage in mice","volume":"102","author":"Parvez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2019.1669243","article-title":"Zinc abrogates anticancer drug tamoxifen-induced hepatotoxicity by suppressing redox imbalance, NO\/iNOS\/NF-\u0138B signaling, and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in female rats","volume":"30","author":"Famurewa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2023.10.008","article-title":"Effect of tamoxifen treatment on catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression and localization in the hen oviduct","volume":"214","author":"Grzegorzewska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2005.03.002","article-title":"Role of mitochondrial DNA in toxic responses to oxidative stress","volume":"5","author":"Woshner","year":"2006","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4646","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46050282","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Breast Cancer: A Biochemical Map of Reactive Oxygen Species Production","volume":"46","author":"Dyachenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, N., Franchitto, M., Zonfrilli, A., Cialfi, S., Palermo, R., and Talora, C. (2019). DNA Damage Stress: Cui Prodest?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051073"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3164734","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3164734","article-title":"The Role of the Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress in the Pathomechanism of the Age-Related Ocular Diseases and Other Pathologies of the Anterior and Posterior Eye Segments in Adults","volume":"2016","author":"Nita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/713857189","article-title":"Toxicological and metabolic consequences of methanol poisoning","volume":"13","author":"Skrzydlewska","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2019.152281","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative stress plays a critical role in the cardiotoxicity of sunitinib: Running title: Sunitinib and oxidative stress in hearts","volume":"426","author":"Bouitbir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Illes, P., Rubini, P., Ulrich, H., Zhao, Y., and Tang, Y. (2020). Regulation of Microglial Functions by Purinergic Mechanisms in the Healthy and Diseased CNS. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202003.0288.v1"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burnstock, G. (2017). Purinergic Signalling: Therapeutic Developments. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00661"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.03.009","article-title":"Consequences of oxidative stress in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"33","author":"Jarrett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2009.07.013","article-title":"Emerging roles of mitochondrial proteases in neurodegeneration","volume":"1797","author":"Martinelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2025.02.04","article-title":"Potential effects of adenosine triphosphate and melatonin on oxidative and inflammatory optic nerve damage in rats caused by 5-fluorouracil","volume":"18","author":"Somuncu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Histological Evaluation of The Effect of Tamoxifen on The Retinas of Adult Female Albino Rats and The Potential Protective Capacity of Melatonin Versus Lutein","volume":"47","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Histol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"e90696","article-title":"Functional Assessment Over Time Using Electroretinograms: A Case Report of a Pediatric Patient With Central Retinal Artery Occlusion","volume":"17","author":"Igawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiang, T.K., White, K.M., Kurup, S.K., and Yu, M. (2022). Use of Visual Electrophysiology to Monitor Retinal and Optic Nerve Toxicity. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101390"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28830","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79979-8","article-title":"OCT analysis and MPOD assessment in patients affected by retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"14","author":"Ruggeri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.5607\/en24011","article-title":"Changes in Retinal Structure and Function in Mice Exposed to Flickering Blue Light: Electroretinographic and Optical Coherence Tomographic Analyses","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-024-00527-7","article-title":"Correlation between multifocal electroretinogram and optical coherence tomography findings with visual acuity after vitrectomy surgery for retinal detachment: An observational study","volume":"10","author":"Hassan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Retina Vitreous"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/62\/4\/787\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T14:19:43Z","timestamp":1776694783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/62\/4\/787"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina62040787"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina62040787","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]}}}