{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T02:49:58Z","timestamp":1793760598814,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections remain among the most serious complications of pacemaker, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, and cardiac resynchronization therapy procedures. They are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, prolonged hospitalization, system extraction, long-term antimicrobial therapy, and increased healthcare costs. As most infections arise from perioperative contamination or procedure-related complications, prevention has become a major priority in contemporary electrophysiology practice. This review aimed to summarize current evidence on the prevention of CIED infections, with particular emphasis on modifiable risk factors and perioperative preventive measures. Materials and Methods: A focused narrative review was undertaken using targeted searches of PubMed\/MEDLINE and Scopus, supplemented by major international guideline and consensus documents, with priority given to contemporary guidelines, randomised trials, meta-analyses, and major observational studies relevant to CIED infection prevention. Results: Prevention of CIED infection requires a structured, multifactorial approach spanning the entire procedural pathway. Key preventive strategies include careful reassessment of device indication, individualized device selection, correction of modifiable risk factors, postponement of elective implantation in the presence of active infection, appropriate perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis, and optimized management of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy to minimize pocket hematoma. Additional relevant measures include meticulous skin antisepsis, limitation of temporary invasive devices and unnecessary hardware, appropriate venous access selection, careful generator pocket creation and wound closure, and avoidance of early reintervention whenever feasible. Antibacterial envelopes may reduce major CIED infections in selected high-risk patients, whereas routine escalation of preventive measures without proven benefit is not supported. Conclusions: CIED infection prevention is inherently multifactorial and depends on the consistent application of evidence-based measures before, during, and after device implantation. Rigorous control of modifiable risk factors, prevention of pocket hematoma, appropriate antimicrobial prophylaxis, and meticulous procedural technique remain the cornerstones of effective infection prevention in patients undergoing CIED procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62050991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T10:19:52Z","timestamp":1779877192000},"page":"991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evidence-Based Strategies for the Prevention of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infections: An Up-to-Date Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Mant\u0117 Agn\u0117","family":"Rimkien\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2850-1751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Sudavi\u010dien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gediminas","family":"Ra\u010dkauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulius","family":"Jurkuv\u0117nas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac Arrhythmias, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Gorevska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Arrhythmias, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, 08406 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Stukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7439-9478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Germanas","family":"Marinskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, 01513 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"515","article-title":"European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) International Consensus Document on How to Prevent, Diagnose, and Treat Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infections\u2014Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases (ISCVID) and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) in Collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"22","author":"Traykov","year":"2020","journal-title":"EP Eur."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2019.06.016","article-title":"Trends of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infection in 3 Decades: A Population-Based Study","volume":"5","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Clin. 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