{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T09:09:31Z","timestamp":1780304971802,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) has been conceptualized as a structural spinal deformity; emerging evidence suggests that postural control and vestibular mechanisms may contribute to curve development and functional severity. This study investigated the relationship between radiological parameters, postural stability, and vestibular dysfunction in adolescents with IS. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort of 177 patients aged 8\u201322 years was analyzed between 2022 and 2024. Standard radiography was performed on 135 participants to evaluate the major curve as established by the Cobb method, Nash\u2013Moe classification, and Risser stage. Peripheral vestibular syndrome (PVS) was investigated using the Fukuda (FST), video-nystagmography (VNG), and instrumental Romberg tests on a stable and unstable platform. Associations between vestibular variables and radiographic parameters were explored using Mann\u2013Whitney U and Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests, supported by non-parametric correlations. Results: Female participants (63%) exhibited significantly higher initial major curve angle value compared with males (median 14\u00b0 vs. 10.5\u00b0, p = 0.004). Positive FTS findings and the presence of peripheral vestibular syndrome were strongly associated with higher baseline and final major curve angles (both p &lt; 0.001). Romberg performance showed significant correlations with major curve angle across stable and unstable conditions (r = 0.298\u20130.396, all p &lt; 0.001). VNG identified multi-canal vestibular involvement, particularly anterior\u2013horizontal combinations on the right ear, as being associated with substantially greater curve magnitude; left-ear impairment demonstrated similar non-significant trends. Curve localization did not differ by vestibular involvement. Conclusions: Patients with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) display consistent associations between vestibular dysfunction, impaired postural control, and greater curve severity. These findings support the clinical relevance of vestibular assessment in scoliosis evaluation and suggest a potential role for sensorimotor rehabilitation strategies. Integrating vestibular screening into standard care may enhance risk stratification and inform the clinician on individualized conservative management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62061067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T08:09:16Z","timestamp":1780301356000},"page":"1067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Peripheral Vestibular Dysfunction and Postural Control Impairments in Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Multimodal Clinical and Instrumental Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0595-4818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Vl\u0103d\u0103reanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Campus-Corp B, Ovidius University of Constan\u021ba, 900470 Constan\u021ba, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0706-7449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Amaricai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Medicine and Rheumatology, Research Center for Assessment of Human Motion, Functionality and Disability, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Minea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, Campus-Corp B, Ovidius University of Constan\u021ba, 900470 Constan\u021ba, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6591-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Dante\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, Campus-Corp B, Ovidius University of Constan\u021ba, 900470 Constan\u021ba, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Pneumology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus-Corp B, Ovidius University of Constan\u021ba, 900470 Constan\u021ba, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iulia Tania","family":"Andronache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, \u201cAlexandru Gafencu\u201d Emergency Military Hospital of Constan\u021ba, 900527 Constan\u021ba, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8573-3160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u0103d\u0103lina Gabriela","family":"Iliescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Campus-Corp B, Ovidius University of Constan\u021ba, 900470 Constan\u021ba, Romania"},{"name":"Medical Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, Campus-Corp B, Ovidius University of Constan\u021ba, 900470 Constan\u021ba, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-017-0145-8","article-title":"2016 SOSORT guidelines: Orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth","volume":"13","author":"Negrini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60658-3","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"371","author":"Weinstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199409000-00001","article-title":"Advances in the diagnosis and management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"14","author":"Weinstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1997.26.2.60","article-title":"Postural imbalance and vibratory sensitivity in patients with idiopathic scoliosis: Implications for treatment","volume":"26","author":"Byl","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"538","article-title":"Shape analysis of vestibular systems in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using geodesic spectra","volume":"Volume 13","author":"Zeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention\u2014MICCAI 2010"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2014.04.003","article-title":"Does adolescent idiopathic scoliosis relate to vestibular disorders? A systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Catanzariti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hitier, M., Hamon, M., Denise, P., Lacoudre, J., Thenint, M.A., Mallet, J.F., Moreau, S., and Quarck, G. (2015). Lateral semicircular canal asymmetry in idiopathic scoliosis: An early link between biomechanical, hormonal and neurosensory theories?. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131120"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-018-5256-9","article-title":"Verticality reveals a vestibular deficit in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"236","author":"Antoniadou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2020.0308","article-title":"Impact of the Vestibular System on the Formation and Progression to Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Review of Literature","volume":"15","author":"Scheyerer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3701-4","article-title":"Idiopathic scoliosis and the vestibular system","volume":"24","author":"Hawasli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4802-z","article-title":"Clinical balance tests, proprioceptive system and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"26","author":"Guyot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assaiante, C., Mallau, S., Jouve, J.L., Bollini, G., and Vaugoyeau, M. (2012). Do adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) neglect proprioceptive information in sensory integration of postural control?. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040646"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12477","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2583-09.2009","article-title":"Vestibular asymmetry as the cause of idiopathic scoliosis: A possible answer from Xenopus","volume":"29","author":"Lambert","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1577","article-title":"Volume-based morphometry of brain MR images in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and healthy control subjects","volume":"30","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.07.097","article-title":"Abnormal cerebral cortical thinning pattern in adolescent girls with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1080\/02841850903104161","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis may not be associated with brain abnormalities","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E598","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001345","article-title":"Anatomical origin of abnormal somatosensory-evoked potential (SEP) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with different curve severity and correlation with cerebellar tonsillar level determined by MRI","volume":"41","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"300","article-title":"Vestibular Disorders","volume":"117","author":"Strupp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Lui, F., Foris, L.A., Willner, K., and Tadi, P. (2023). Central Vertigo. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-015-4425-3","article-title":"Periphere, zentrale und funktionelle Schwindelsyndrome [Peripheral, central and functional vertigo syndromes]","volume":"86","author":"Strupp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Der Nervenarzt"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Dougherty, J.M., Carney, M., Hohman, M.H., and Emmady, P.D. (2023). Vestibular Dysfunction. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"47","article-title":"Imaging cortical activity after vestibular lesions","volume":"28","author":"Dieterich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12585","article-title":"The bilateral central vestibular system: Its pathways, functions, and disorders","volume":"1343","author":"Dieterich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2008.09.002","article-title":"Vestibular syndrome: A change in internal spatial representation","volume":"38","author":"Borel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3109\/00016485909129172","article-title":"The stepping test: Two phases of the labyrinthine reflex","volume":"50","author":"Fukuda","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000649","article-title":"Peripheral vestibular disorders: An update","volume":"32","author":"Strupp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemm, S., Baumann, D., da Costa, V.D., and Tarnutzer, A.A. (2023). Test-re-test reliability and dynamics of the Fukuda-Unterberger stepping test. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1128760"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100113337","article-title":"Unterberger stepping test: A useful indicator of peripheral vestibular dysfunction?","volume":"104","author":"Hickey","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-5-12","article-title":"A review of the trunk surface metrics used as Scoliosis and other deformities evaluation indices","volume":"5","author":"Patias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.26064","article-title":"Validity, reliability, and responsiveness of the fingertip-to-floor test","volume":"82","author":"Perret","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-200005","article-title":"Advisors: Motion sickness diagnostic criteria: Consensus Document of the Classification Committee of the B\u00e1r\u00e1ny Society","volume":"31","author":"Cha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vestib. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7161-6-17","article-title":"The method of Katharina Schroth\u2014History, principles and current development","volume":"6","author":"Weiss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scoliosis"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2024, March 23). Available online: https:\/\/www.isstschrothmethod.com\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2022, April 14). Available online: https:\/\/www.scoliosisandspineonlinelearning.com\/lyon-method-course."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2022, May 01). Available online: https:\/\/bspts.net\/."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2022, May 05). Available online: https:\/\/en.isico.it\/seas\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2023, April 02). Available online: https:\/\/www.fits.pl\/en\/fits-method\/."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"228","article-title":"Dobosiewicz method physiotherapy for idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"135","author":"Dobosiewicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stud. Health Technol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860050195","article-title":"Treatment of idiopathic scoliosis with side-shift therapy: An initial comparison with a brace treatment historical cohort","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-012-0457-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"7","author":"Konieczny","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1100","article-title":"The first study of epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis shows lower prevalence in females of Jammu and Kashmir, India","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"223","article-title":"Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in students of the public schools in Goi\u00e2nia-GO","volume":"21","author":"Labres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ortop. Bras."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2240","article-title":"Epidemiological study of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Eastern China","volume":"49","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Zhou, X., Li, X., Guo, H., Yang, Y., Cheong, I.O.H., Du, Q., and Wang, H. (2022). Regional disparity in epidemiological characteristics of adolescent scoliosis in China: Data from a screening program. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.935040"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/62\/6\/1067\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T08:48:49Z","timestamp":1780303729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/62\/6\/1067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina62061067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina62061067","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]}}}