{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T02:02:04Z","timestamp":1784512924825,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: This retrospective study evaluated patients with diabetes classified according to cluster-derived diabetes phenotype groups and compared their baseline metabolic characteristics, documented complication profiles, and HbA1c course during follow-up. Materials and Methods: A total of 158 patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes followed at Zonguldak B\u00fclent Ecevit University Endocrinology Outpatient Clinic were included. Phenotype assignment was based on baseline domains corresponding to the Ahlqvist framework: age at diagnosis, BMI category, HbA1c, beta-cell function, insulin resistance, and autoantibody status. Complications were not used for phenotype assignment. Baseline characteristics, binary complication status, exploratory phenotype-contrast logistic regression, and longitudinal HbA1c data were evaluated. Results: The groups showed significant differences in age, age at diagnosis, HbA1c, obesity status, fasting glucose, C-peptide, fasting insulin, HOMA1-%B, HDL cholesterol, ALT, and eGFR. Hepatic steatosis\/suspected NAFLD, retinopathy, nephropathy, polyneuropathy, and ketosis\/ketoacidosis differed among groups when complications were analyzed as ever-positive versus negative. In exploratory phenotype-contrast logistic regression, Clusters 3\u20134 were associated with hepatic steatosis\/suspected NAFLD, Cluster 2 with retinopathy and polyneuropathy, Cluster 3 with nephropathy, and Clusters 1\u20132 with ketosis\/ketoacidosis; the contrast for coronary artery disease did not reach statistical significance. In a linear mixed-effects model for repeated HbA1c measurements, phenotype group was associated with HbA1c levels, whereas the time effect and group-by-time interaction were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Cluster-derived diabetes phenotype groups showed distinct baseline metabolic characteristics and different documented complication profiles. These findings should be interpreted as exploratory because of the retrospective design and incomplete follow-up data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62071396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:47:32Z","timestamp":1784508452000},"page":"1396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical Characteristics and Complication Profiles of Patients Classified According to Cluster-Derived Diabetes Phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Do\u011fan","family":"Aslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Clinics, Hatay Defne State Hospital, Hatay 31000, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8678-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muammer","family":"Bilici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakin","family":"Tekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.11.002","article-title":"Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035","volume":"103","author":"Guariguata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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