{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T10:46:02Z","timestamp":1785926762056,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Pacing behavior has been consistently associated with performance in long-distance running, yet its patterns across different race distances and population subgroups remain insufficiently understood. Therefore, this narrative review synthesizes and critically discusses available evidence on pacing in half-marathon and marathon running, considering both within- and between-race differences, with a particular focus on performance level, sex, and age. Materials and Methods: A structured, non-systematic search was conducted in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science, with Google Scholar used as a supplementary source. Peer-reviewed English-language full-text studies reporting pacing-related outcomes were included, and findings from 37 studies published up to March 2026 were synthesized narratively. Results: Available observational evidence suggests differences in pacing profiles between race distances, with generally more even pacing in the half-marathon and more positive pacing in the marathon. Performance level showed the strongest association with pacing behavior: faster runners exhibited more stable pacing patterns, whereas slower runners showed greater variability and a more pronounced pace decline. Sex differences appeared more evident in marathon running, where women generally demonstrated more even pacing than men, whereas age-related differences were small and inconsistent. Comparisons between race distances suggest that pacing variability may increase with longer race duration and lower performance level. Conclusions: Overall, performance level showed the most consistent relationship with pacing behavior in long-distance running. In mass-participation events, observed pacing profiles may reflect fatigue-related changes and inaccurate pace selection rather than a deliberate strategy. More even or slightly negative pacing has generally been associated with more favorable performance outcomes, but this should be interpreted as an observed association rather than a direct prescriptive recommendation. The proposed practical reference points should be viewed as tentative, evidence-informed aids for interpreting pacing behavior according to performance level and race distance, while using sex and age as secondary contextual factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62081503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:16:22Z","timestamp":1785921382000},"page":"1503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pacing Profiles in Half-Marathon and Marathon Running Based on Performance Level, Sex, and Age: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1165-7238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ljubica","family":"Ristanovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanimir","family":"Stojiljkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7819-4384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"\u0106uk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1247-6754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6436-6306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Rosemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2412-9103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beat","family":"Knechtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2019.1586705","article-title":"The \u201cNew York City Marathon\u201d: Participation and performance trends of 1.2M runners during half-century","volume":"28","author":"Vitti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. 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