{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T09:31:45Z","timestamp":1786354305292,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Energy drinks (EDs), widely consumed by adolescents and young adults, contain caffeine and other stimulants marketed to enhance energy and performance. ED consumption has been associated with adverse cardiovascular effects, although most evidence derives from adult populations. This review examines the association between ED intake and arrhythmias or electrocardiographic (ECG) alterations in young people, including the influence of consumption patterns and the reversibility of reported changes. Materials and Methods: A review of the literature of the last ten years was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases, using various combinations of the key words: \u201cEnergy Drinks\u201d, \u201carrhythmias\u201d, \u201cECG\u201d, \u201celectrocardiogram\u201d, \u201cdysrhythmias\u201d, \u201cchildren\u201d, \u201cteen\u201d, \u201cteenagers\u201d, \u201cadolescents\u201d, \u201cyoung adults\u201d, \u201cyoung people\u201d. Results: 22 studies met the inclusion criteria: 10 RCTs, 5 non RCTs, 1 observational study and 6 case reports. Evidence suggests that ED consumption may be associated with cardiac rhythm disturbances and ECG alterations in young individuals. Reported events include atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation, and, in rare cases, cardiac arrest, often following moderate-to-high ED intake. Experimental studies have demonstrated acute cardiovascular effects, including QTc interval changes (6\u201320 ms), increased supraventricular ectopic activity, alterations in heart rate (3\u201310 bpm) and ST\u2013T changes. Most reported alterations appeared acute and reversible; however, their occurrence may be influenced by ED dose, composition, caffeine exposure, and individual susceptibility. Conclusions: ED consumption among adolescents and young adults may increase the risk of arrhythmias. There is consistent evidence across studies showing that the most common effects are HR and QTc alterations, with the composition and quantity of the drinks likely influencing these effects. Important gaps remain regarding frequent consumption, long-term outcomes, the contribution of less-studied ingredients, and the impact on younger populations. Stronger regulations may also be warranted to protect young consumers, particularly those at increased cardiovascular risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62081533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T01:20:03Z","timestamp":1786324803000},"page":"1533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Energy Drinks and Arrhythmias in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Narrative Review of the Last Decade"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1728-2898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios","family":"Constantinou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Adolescent Medicine and Adolescent Health Care, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0864-9985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Kogias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8560-967X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elpida","family":"Emmanouilidou-Fotoulaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8292-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni P.","family":"Kotanidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Adolescent Medicine and Adolescent Health Care, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"2nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Giannopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charalampos","family":"Antachopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8503-3893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assimina","family":"Galli-Tsinopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Adolescent Medicine and Adolescent Health Care, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"2nd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kavga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"Caffeinated energy drink consumption among adolescents and potential health consequences associated with their use: A significant public health hazard","volume":"88","author":"Soliman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2010.00111.x","article-title":"Energy drinks: An assessment of their market size, consumer demographics, ingredient profile, functionality, and regulations in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Heckman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compr. 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