{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:17:31Z","timestamp":1787807851914,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEXG) is a secondary glaucoma caused by the deposition of abnormal flaky protein-like material inside the eye, leading to blockage of the drainage system, increased intraocular pressure (IOP), and optic nerve damage. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of latanoprost and timolol\u2013dorzolamide therapy on the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) in the aqueous humor and serum samples of patients with PEXG. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study included 60 patients allocated to three age-matched groups (n = 20 per group). Group 1 received latanoprost therapy, Group 2 received timolol\u2013dorzolamide therapy, and Group 3 comprised patients with cataracts without PEXG who were not receiving antiglaucoma medication (control group). All participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including visual acuity assessment, specular microscopy, IOP measurement, and intraocular lens (IOL) measurement. Peripheral venous blood was taken from each patient before the surgical procedure and aqueous humor samples were collected during cataract surgery. Concentrations of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, and TNF-\u03b1 were determined using a Cytometric Bead Array and flow cytometry. Results: No significant differences were observed in the aqueous humor and serum concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 between the treatment groups, while IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, IL-12p70, and TNF-\u03b1 did not reach detection. A significant positive correlation was found between IOL and aqueous humor IL-6 concentration in group 1 and between IL-6 and IL-8 serum concentration and IOP in controls. Conclusions: Latanoprost and timolol\u2013dorzolamide therapy were not associated with significant differences in aqueous humor or serum IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations in patients with PEXG. IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, IL-12p70, and TNF-\u03b1 were not detectable in the analyzed samples. These findings support the presence of low-grade inflammation in patients with PEXG that does not differ according to the therapy administered. Corneal endothelial alterations are disease-related rather than treatment-induced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62091633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:01:07Z","timestamp":1787670067000},"page":"1633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Latanoprost and Timolol\u2013Dorzolamide Therapy on Aqueous Humor Cytokine Concentrations in Patients with Pseudoexfoliative Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Ivana","family":"Valkovi\u0107 Anti\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Ophthalomolgy, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7182-8927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanda","family":"Jurani\u0107 Lisni\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2645-5364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlatka","family":"Soto\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medical Sciences II, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Rijeka, Viktora Cara Emina 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalomogy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Bertovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Grube\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Ophthalomolgy, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5545-4021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tea","family":"\u010caljku\u0161i\u0107 Mance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Ophthalomolgy, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Kre\u0161imirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Clinic of Anesthesiology, Intensive Medicine and Pain management, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Vjekoslava Duki\u0107a 7, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04252","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04252","article-title":"Global incidence and risk factors for glaucoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"14","author":"Shan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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