{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T02:17:17Z","timestamp":1788229037206,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an uncommon but clinically important manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We aimed to identify factors associated with SLE\u2013ILD, evaluate factors associated with clinical outcomes in established disease, and quantitatively synthesize comparable data. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception through July 2026. English-language observational studies of adults with SLE reporting factors associated with ILD occurrence or outcomes in established SLE\u2013ILD were eligible. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted when at least three studies reported comparable data. Results: Eight observational studies were included. Across five studies, patients with SLE\u2013ILD were older than those without ILD (mean difference 8.49 years, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.52\u201311.46; p &lt; 0.0001; I2 = 66.9%). Across three studies, SLE\u2013ILD was associated with higher odds of Raynaud phenomenon (odds ratio, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.49\u20136.09; p = 0.0022; I2 = 28.8%). Other study-level associations included smoking, serositis, features of overlap connective tissue diseases, selected autoantibodies, and Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6). In established SLE\u2013ILD, baseline forced vital capacity and cohort-specific clinical and imaging features were associated with outcomes, while population-based cohorts linked ILD with increased mortality. Conclusions: Older age and Raynaud phenomenon were the factors most consistently associated with SLE\u2013ILD across the available comparative studies. Because most included studies were observational, these findings should be interpreted as associations rather than evidence of causality. Prognostic evidence remains limited and heterogeneous.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62091673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:05:26Z","timestamp":1788224726000},"page":"1673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease and Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Mislav","family":"Radi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Excellence for Systemic Sclerosis in Croatia, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8529-2345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"\u0160imac Pri\u017emi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Excellence for Systemic Sclerosis in Croatia, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Be\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Disease Department, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"\u0110oga\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josipa","family":"Radi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Arterial Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damir","family":"Fabijani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Disease Department, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9195-646X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Gelemanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dijana","family":"Perkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Excellence for Systemic Sclerosis in Croatia, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000791","article-title":"The Other Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Diseases: Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome, Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. 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