{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T09:12:26Z","timestamp":1788772346425,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Venous thromboembolism (VTE) was once considered rare in the young, but it has become an increasingly important complication of contemporary pediatric care, driven by the improved survival of children with complex chronic illness and by the expanding use of central venous catheters. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on VTE across the entire pediatric age range, from the critically ill neonate to the injured adolescent. We first examine noncerebral VTE in children beyond the newborn period, describing an incidence that is far lower than in adults yet rising among hospitalized patients, the multifactorial risk factors dominated by central venous catheters, and the age-dependent protection conferred by developmental hemostasis. We outline a diagnostic approach centered on compression ultrasonography and computed tomography pulmonary angiography, and a treatment paradigm that increasingly favors direct oral anticoagulants and shorter, six-week courses for low-risk provoked events. Dedicated sections address the distinct biology, presentation, and management of neonatal thrombosis, including renal vein thrombosis, portal vein thrombosis, and purpura fulminans, for which low-molecular-weight heparin is preferred and warfarin is generally avoided. We review the heightened, malignancy-specific risk of cancer-associated thrombosis, the difficulty of anticoagulating the thrombocytopenic child, and the consistent evidence against routine primary thromboprophylaxis. Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis is considered in depth, emphasizing its age-dependent triggers, the central role of magnetic resonance venography, and the safety of anticoagulation. Finally, we summarize the comparatively low but age-graded risk of VTE after major pediatric trauma and the puberty-based approach to prophylaxis. Throughout, we highlight the continued reliance on extrapolated adult data, the emergence of pediatric randomized trials and multicenter registries, and the unmet need for prospectively validated risk-prediction tools. The review offers clinicians an integrated, contemporary framework for recognizing, diagnosing, treating, and preventing thrombosis from the neonate to the adolescent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62091712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T08:07:06Z","timestamp":1788768426000},"page":"1712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Venous Thromboembolism in Neonates, Children, and Adolescents: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4218-6184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Ba\u0161kovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children\u2019s Hospital Zagreb, Ulica Vjekoslava Klai\u0107a 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Croatian Academy of Medical Sciences, Kaptol 15, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Referral Center for Pediatric Traumatology, Children\u2019s Hospital Zagreb, Ulica Vjekoslava Klai\u0107a 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Buzuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianka","family":"Duji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danijela","family":"Juri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Jurkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Pehar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Vukovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"\u010cavka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Split, \u0160oltanska Ulica 2a, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Gjura\u0161in","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Referral Center for Pediatric Traumatology, Children\u2019s Hospital Zagreb, Ulica Vjekoslava Klai\u0107a 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Hospital Zagreb, Ulica Vjekoslava Klai\u0107a 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dubravko","family":"Habek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Croatian Academy of Medical Sciences, Kaptol 15, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital Merkur, Zaj\u010deva Ulica 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davor","family":"Boji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Children\u2019s Hospital Zagreb, Ulica Vjekoslava Klai\u0107a 16, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6713-1273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darko","family":"Anti\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Academy of Medical Sciences, Kaptol 15, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Ulica Kneza Branimira 71E, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina Lohman","family":"Vuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation Vara\u017edinske Toplice, Trg Svetog Martina 1, 42223 Vara\u017edinske Toplice, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Milas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospital for Tumors, University Hospital Centre Sestre Milosrdnice, Ilica 197, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahajerin, A., and Croteau, S.E. 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