{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:43:49Z","timestamp":1789469029037,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The association between SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 vaccination, and the development of rhabdomyolysis remains unclear. This systematic review aimed to comprehensively synthesize and analyze the available evidence on the occurrence of rhabdomyolysis in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science. The review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, assessing methodological quality. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA v18. Results: A total of 133 patients with rhabdomyolysis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified from 93 case reports and 7 case series; the median age was 45.5 years (IQR: 24\u201362), with a predominance of males (72.9%). Additionally, 13 observational studies comprising 818 patients with rhabdomyolysis associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. Among cases associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, 20 patients were identified from 20 case reports; the median age was 52.5 years (IQR: 22.5\u201376.5), with a predominance of males (75%). These cases were primarily associated with mRNA-based vaccines, particularly Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 (50%) and Moderna (20%), and occurred predominantly after the first and second doses. The most frequent clinical manifestations in both groups were fever, myalgia, and dark urine. Clinical outcomes were favorable in most patients, both among infection-associated cases (72.2%) and vaccination-associated cases (80%). Conclusions: Rhabdomyolysis has been documented during SARS-CoV-2 infection, although its true frequency remains uncertain, whereas cases following COVID-19 vaccination do not establish causality or platform-specific risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62091769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T08:16:48Z","timestamp":1789460208000},"page":"1769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rhabdomyolysis Reported in Association with SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4045-0260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando M.","family":"Runzer-Colmenares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CHANGE Research Working Group, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 15842, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1228-1941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson Luis","family":"Cahuapaza-Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHANGE Research Working Group, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 15842, Peru"},{"name":"Grupo de Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 150142, Peru"},{"name":"Research Department, N y C\u2014Center of Research and Medical Excellence (CRME), Lima 15067, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cielo Cinthya","family":"Calderon-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHANGE Research Working Group, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 15842, Peru"},{"name":"Grupo de Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 150142, Peru"},{"name":"Research Department, N y C\u2014Center of Research and Medical Excellence (CRME), Lima 15067, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5700-9052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariam Miyanay","family":"Umeres-Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, N y C\u2014Center of Research and Medical Excellence (CRME), Lima 15067, Peru"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad de Aquino Bolivia, Cochabamba, Bolivia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8516-843X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Rojas-De la Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, N y C\u2014Center of Research and Medical Excellence (CRME), Lima 15067, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana Vanessa","family":"Villavicencio-Escudero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, N y C\u2014Center of Research and Medical Excellence (CRME), Lima 15067, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0133-3689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renzo","family":"Pajuelo-Vasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHANGE Research Working Group, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 15842, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaly","family":"Enciso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad Cient\u00edfica del Sur, Lima 150142, Peru"},{"name":"Research Department, N y C\u2014Center of Research and Medical Excellence (CRME), Lima 15067, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gusev, E., Sarapultsev, A., Solomatina, L., and Chereshnev, V. (2022). SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031716"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-022-08921-5","article-title":"Risk and Protective Factors for COVID-19 Morbidity, Severity, and Mortality","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2026, June 13). COVID-19 Deaths | WHO COVID-19 Dashboard. Available online: https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/deaths."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00996-y","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccine Development: Milestones, Lessons and Prospects","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2313","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2313","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccines and Variants of Concern: A Review","volume":"32","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2020.101015","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis","volume":"66","author":"Cabral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. Mon."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"61","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis: Revisited","volume":"90","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ulst. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-020-0488-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Downregulation of ACE2 and Pleiotropic Effects of ACEIs\/ARBs","volume":"43","author":"Ciulla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0968-3","article-title":"Extrapulmonary Manifestations of COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1663","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccines: Comparison of Biological, Pharmacological Characteristics and Adverse Effects of Pfizer\/BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines","volume":"25","author":"Meo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murished, G.M., Dandachi, I., and Aljabr, W. (2023). Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines in the Middle Eastern Population. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1270187"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.09.002","article-title":"COVID-19-Associated Rhabdomyolysis: A Scoping Review","volume":"136","author":"Preger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10768-3","article-title":"COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Induced Rhabdomyolysis and Fasciitis","volume":"269","author":"Faissner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karimi, M., Faal Hamedanchi, N., Ansari, K., Nahavandi, R., Mazdak, M., Javaherchian, F., Koochaki, P., Asadi Anar, M., Shirforoush Sattari, M., and Mohamaditabar, M. (2024). Rhabdomyolysis Secondary to COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination: A Review of Literature. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1460676"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 Statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2026, June 13). PROSPERO. Available online: https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/627644."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2127","article-title":"Methodological Quality of Case Series Studies: An Introduction to the JBI Critical Appraisal Tool","volume":"18","author":"Munn","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBI Evid. Synth."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo, C.K.-L., Mertz, D., and Loeb, M. (2014). Newcastle-Ottawa Scale: Comparing Reviewers\u2019 to Authors\u2019 Assessments. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-45"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"e19802","article-title":"Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Rhabdomyolysis in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Infection","volume":"13","author":"Albaba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"e18899","article-title":"Acute Myocardial Injury and Rhabdomyolysis in COVID-19 Patients: Incidence and Mortality","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001725","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis Is Associated with In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with COVID-19","volume":"56","author":"Geng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"e12552","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study","volume":"13","author":"Haroun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2021.07.002","article-title":"Predictors of Mortality, ICU Hospitalization, and Extrapulmonary Complications in COVID-19 Patients","volume":"51","author":"Martinot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Now."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0002652020","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Urban New Orleans","volume":"1","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.03.049","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis in Severe COVID-19: Male Sex, High Body Mass Index, and Prone Positioning Confer High Risk","volume":"266","author":"Mokhtari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamoner, W., Santos, C.A.d.S., Magalh\u00e3es, L.E., de Oliveira, P.G.S., Balbi, A.L., and Ponce, D. (2021). Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: 90 Days of the Pandemic in a Brazilian Public Hospital. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.622577"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e542","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.542","article-title":"Predictors of Mortality and Morbidity in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: An Experience from a Low Mortality Country","volume":"5","author":"Khatib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e37333","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Study","volume":"15","author":"Nashwan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"144","article-title":"Prevalence and Predictive Factors of Rhabdomyolysis in COVID-19 Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"34","author":"Hashemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91107","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v13.i3.91107","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis-Related Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Murt","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"e53029","article-title":"Relationship Between Rhabdomyolysis and SARS-CoV-2 Disease Severity","volume":"16","author":"Samardzic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2021.09.025","article-title":"Rabdomi\u00f3lisis: Un S\u00edndrome a Tener En Cuenta","volume":"158","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.70079","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis","volume":"73","author":"Grover","year":"2026","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"108","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis in a child with an acute respiratory infection","volume":"20","author":"Sabinina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infektsionnye Bolezn."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1022569","article-title":"Influenza A-Associated Rhabdomyolysis with Acute Renal Failure","volume":"220","author":"Dworschak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Klin. Padiatr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12297","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis Associated with Cytomegalovirus Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"16","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.11150\/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.59","article-title":"A case of rhabdomyolysis associated with Kaposi\u2019s varicelliform eruption","volume":"78","author":"Takaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kansenshogaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e236719","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-236719","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis as an Initial Presentation in a Patient Diagnosed with COVID-19","volume":"13","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"732","article-title":"A Case of Rhabdomyolysis Associated with Thyrotoxicosis","volume":"97","author":"Cakir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Natl. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2012.11.004","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis Secondary to Influenza A H1N1 Vaccine Resulting in Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"11","author":"Callado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfi195","article-title":"Influenza Vaccine-Induced Rhabdomyolysis Leading to Acute Renal Transplant Dysfunction","volume":"21","author":"Raman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"002796","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis Following Administration of Comirnaty\u00ae","volume":"8","author":"Elias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Case Rep. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelbenegger, G., Cacioppo, F., Firbas, C., and Jilma, B. (2021). Rhabdomyolysis Following Ad26.Cov2.S COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9090956"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04138-6","article-title":"COVID-19: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Expression and Tissue Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"40","author":"Beyerstedt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seixas, M.L.G.A., Mitre, L.P., Shams, S., Lanzuolo, G.B., Bartolomeo, C.S., Silva, E.A., Prado, C.M., Ureshino, R., and Stilhano, R.S. (2022). Unraveling Muscle Impairment Associated with COVID-19 and the Role of 3D Culture in Its Investigation. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.825629"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2176","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2176","article-title":"COVID-19 and Kidney Injury: Pathophysiology and Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"31","author":"Ahmadian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.2004","article-title":"Association Between SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Immune-Mediated Myopathy in Patients Who Have Died","volume":"78","author":"Aschman","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"307","article-title":"The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on Skeletal Muscles","volume":"39","author":"Morciano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Myol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8941","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53356-5","article-title":"Prevalent and Persistent New-Onset Autoantibodies in Mild to Severe COVID-19","volume":"15","author":"Jernbom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2021.06.007","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccine Induced Rhabdomyolysis: Case Report with Literature Review","volume":"15","author":"Nassar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51411-9","article-title":"Innate Immune Responses against mRNA Vaccine Promote Cellular Immunity through IFN-\u03b2 at the Injection Site","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01086-x","article-title":"Immunogenicity of Lipid Nanoparticles and Its Impact on the Efficacy of mRNA Vaccines and Therapeutics","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-47568-6","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and Vaccine-Related Proteins in Mice and Humans","volume":"16","author":"Heinrich","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.01.100","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccines and Adverse Events of Special Interest: A Multinational Global Vaccine Data Network (GVDN) Cohort Study of 99 Million Vaccinated Individuals","volume":"42","author":"Faksova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27990","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Injury in COVID Infection: Frequency and Patterns","volume":"68","author":"Rajput","year":"2023","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.98.18_supplement.1265","article-title":"Association Between COVID-19 Vaccination and Rhabdomyolysis in Adults: A Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) Study (S18.006)","volume":"98","author":"Mandava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05808-7","article-title":"Severe Rhabdomyolysis Secondary to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine in a Teenager","volume":"38","author":"Pucchio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.4274\/tnd.2023.77753","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Injury during COVID-19: A Cohort of 873 Patients","volume":"29","author":"Ser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103468","article-title":"Anti-HMGCR Immune-Mediated Necrotising Myopathy: Addressing the Remaining Issues","volume":"22","author":"Khoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.28114","article-title":"Management of Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy","volume":"70","author":"Suh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/62\/9\/1769\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:24:48Z","timestamp":1789464288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/62\/9\/1769"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina62091769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina62091769","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}