{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:07:55Z","timestamp":1789499275672,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Anastomotic biliary stricture (AS) is the most frequent biliary complication after duct-to-duct liver transplantation (LT) and a leading indication for post-transplant endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Because inconsistent outcome definitions hamper cross-study comparisons, we also propose standardized outcome definitions and a minimum reporting dataset. Materials and Methods: This narrative review covers pathogenesis and risk factors, diagnosis and timing, balloon dilation and stenting, the management of treatment failure, procedure-related safety, and graft outcomes. Results: ERCP is the established first-line treatment and achieves durable resolution in most patients. Randomized evidence shows comparable resolution with multiple plastic stents (MPS) and fully covered self-expandable metal stents (FCSEMS), the latter reducing procedures and treatment duration at the cost of migration and possible recurrence. Evidence is weaker for recurrent or refractory strictures, sequential stent addition versus complete exchange, and Roux-en-Y anatomy or a completely obstructed anastomosis. We define technical success, treatment success, recurrence, refractory disease, and durable stent-free resolution, and organize advanced management as a roadmap matching four modes of endoscopic failure to salvage techniques. Conclusions: Endoscopic therapy is central to graft-preserving management of post-transplant AS; adopting these harmonized definitions should make outcomes comparable and rescue algorithms evidence-based.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62091773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:23:53Z","timestamp":1789496633000},"page":"1773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Common Language for Post-Transplant Anastomotic Biliary Strictures: Standardized Endoscopic Outcome Definitions and a Failure-Mode Roadmap"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Daniele","family":"Balducci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Emergency Digestive Endoscopy, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Montori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Emergency Digestive Endoscopy, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Marzioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Emergency Digestive Endoscopy, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Tarantino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Emergency Digestive Endoscopy, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Benedetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Emergency Digestive Endoscopy, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Svegliati-Baroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Injury and Transplant Unit, Gastroenterology and Transplant Department, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Bendia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Transplant Department, Digestive Endoscopy and Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Palmeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6026-5639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Ghisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Gastroenterology Department, Padova University Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Maroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Emergency Digestive Endoscopy, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.20714","article-title":"Anastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation: Causes and consequences","volume":"12","author":"Verdonk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2020.100593","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of benign biliary strictures post liver transplantation in adults","volume":"35","author":"Keane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplant. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22298","article-title":"Association of hepatic artery stenosis and biliary strictures in liver transplant recipients","volume":"17","author":"Dacha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2022.10.007","article-title":"American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on management of post-liver transplant biliary strictures: Summary and recommendations","volume":"97","author":"Kohli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2022.10.006","article-title":"American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on management of post-liver transplant biliary strictures: Methodology and review of evidence","volume":"97","author":"Amateau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e318170f5f7","article-title":"The role of bile salt toxicity in the pathogenesis of bile duct injury after non-heart-beating porcine liver transplantation","volume":"85","author":"Yska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, B., Zhang, J., and Xiang, Y. (2025). Mechanisms of biliary stricture and novel therapeutic strategies. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1609461"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslan, F., Binici, S., Ery\u0131lmaz, I., Beger, B., Beger, O., \u0130liklerden, \u00dc.H., \u00d6zalp, \u0130., \u0130lik, Z.A., Karakoyun, F., and \u015eahinalp, \u015e. (2026). Antifibrotic Effect of the TGF-\u03b2 Type I Receptor Inhibitor EW-7197 on Anastomotic Healing in a Rat Choledochojejunostomy Model. Biomedicines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines14030698"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpb.2020.12.008","article-title":"Management of anastomotic biliary stricture after liver transplantation and impact on survival","volume":"23","author":"Muscari","year":"2021","journal-title":"HPB"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2017.12.039","article-title":"Patient and Graft Survival: Biliary Complications after Liver Transplantation","volume":"226","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3182104784","article-title":"Biliary complications after liver transplantation from donation after cardiac death donors: An analysis of risk factors and long-term outcomes from a single center","volume":"253","author":"Foley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5438-0","article-title":"Predictors of Biliary Strictures After Liver Transplantation Among Recipients of DCD (Donation After Cardiac Death) Grafts","volume":"64","author":"Kohli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181bb48c2","article-title":"Endoscopic management of biliary complications after adult living-donor versus deceased-donor liver transplantation","volume":"88","author":"Dumonceau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006876","article-title":"Long-term Follow-up After Hypothermic Oxygenated Machine Perfusion in DCD Liver Transplantation: Results of a Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial (DHOPE-DCD)","volume":"282","author":"Endo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.05.027","article-title":"Machine perfusion techniques for liver transplantation\u2014A meta-analysis of the first seven randomized-controlled trials","volume":"79","author":"Parente","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0047-9","article-title":"A randomized trial of normothermic preservation in liver transplantation","volume":"557","author":"Nasralla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.6781","article-title":"Impact of Portable Normothermic Blood-Based Machine Perfusion on Outcomes of Liver Transplant: The OCS Liver PROTECT Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"157","author":"Markmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1821","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000001821","article-title":"The Impact of Normothermic Machine Perfusion on Biliary Complications in Donation After Circulatory Death Donor Liver Transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Oki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transplant. Direct"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006291","article-title":"Impact of Back-to-Base Normothermic Machine Perfusion on Complications and Costs: A Multicenter, Real-World Risk-Matched Analysis","volume":"280","author":"Wehrle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2016.1132698","article-title":"Safety of mTOR inhibitors in adult solid organ transplantation","volume":"15","author":"Campistol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14957","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.14957","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of everolimus initiation from the first month after liver transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Cholongitas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.09.004","article-title":"Biliary strictures after liver transplantation: Role of interleukin 28B genotypes in cyclosporine treated","volume":"12","author":"Toniutto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22188","article-title":"Bile duct anastomotic stricture after adult-to-adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Chok","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2021.09.023","article-title":"Risk Factors for Development of Biliary Stricture After Liver Transplant in Adult Patients: A Single-Center Retrospective Study","volume":"53","author":"Karakoyun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111461","article-title":"Adequate cumulative exposure to tacrolimus and low tacrolimus variability decrease the incidence of biliary complications after liver transplantation","volume":"128","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13803","article-title":"Lower tacrolimus time in therapeutic range is associated with inferior outcomes in adult liver transplant recipients","volume":"132","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Basic. Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.211.3.r99jn17715","article-title":"Orthotopic liver transplantation: Evaluation with MR cholangiography","volume":"211","author":"Fulcher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300000379","article-title":"Value of MR cholangiography in the evaluation of postoperative biliary complications following orthotopic liver transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Meersschaut","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/S0730-725X(01)00443-X","article-title":"Detection of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation with MR cholangiography","volume":"19","author":"Boraschi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20927","article-title":"Magnetic resonance cholangiography of biliary strictures after liver transplantation: A prospective double-blind study","volume":"25","author":"Kitazono","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.2009.01190.x","article-title":"MR cholangiography in orthotopic liver transplantation: Sensitivity and specificity in detecting biliary complications","volume":"24","author":"Boraschi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.2010.01300.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for the accurate diagnosis of biliary complications after liver transplantation: Comparison with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography\u2014Long-term follow-up","volume":"24","author":"Katz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-1714-x","article-title":"Comparison of different MRCP techniques for the depiction of biliary complications after liver transplantation","volume":"20","author":"Kinner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2016.12.019","article-title":"Evaluation of biliary complications on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and comparison with direct cholangiography after living-donor liver transplantation","volume":"72","author":"Garg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-011-0707-4","article-title":"Impact of magnetic resonance cholangiography in managing liver-transplanted patients: Preliminary results of a clinical decision-making study","volume":"116","author":"Cereser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2023.101317","article-title":"Algorithmic Approach to Deranged Liver Functions After Transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Mishra","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13995","article-title":"Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage in biliary strictures after liver transplantation: Long-term outcome predictors and influence on patient survival","volume":"39","author":"Heinemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"znae321","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znae321","article-title":"Consensus classification of biliary complications after liver transplantation: Guidelines from the BileducTx meeting","volume":"112","author":"Esser","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2023.101186","article-title":"A practical approach to the endoscopic management of biliary strictures after liver transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Bofill","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14219","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of endoscopic treatment for duct-to-duct anastomotic strictures after living donor liver transplantation","volume":"39","author":"Sato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Zhao, G., Huang, Z., Xu, Z., Jiang, D., Liu, D., Zhang, L., Zhang, C., and Wang, X. (2026). Endoscopic treatment of biliary strictures after liver transplantation: Balloon dilatation with stenting improves long-term outcomes. Updates Surg.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13304-026-02534-9"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.2619","article-title":"Effect of Covered Metallic Stents Compared with Plastic Stents on Benign Biliary Stricture Resolution: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"315","author":"Slivka","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.04.013","article-title":"Metal versus plastic stents for anastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"87","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.03.009","article-title":"Multiple plastic stents versus covered metal stent for treatment of anastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation: A prospective, randomized, multicenter trial","volume":"86","author":"Tal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X13503614","article-title":"A randomized trial of a fully covered self-expandable metallic stent versus plastic stents in anastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation","volume":"7","author":"Kaffes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.13867","article-title":"Cost analysis of a long-term randomized controlled study in biliary duct-to-duct anastomotic stricture after liver transplantation","volume":"34","author":"Santi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"728","article-title":"Management of anastomotic biliary stricture after liver transplantation: Metal versus plastic stent","volume":"31","author":"Facciorusso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2010.08.016","article-title":"Temporary placement of partially covered self-expandable metal stents for anastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation: A prospective, multicenter study","volume":"72","author":"Chaput","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14831","article-title":"Intraductal placement of non-flared fully covered metallic stent for refractory anastomotic biliary strictures after living donor liver transplantation: Long-term results of prospective multicenter trial","volume":"35","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-016-5138-9","article-title":"Success and complications of an intra-ductal fully covered self-expanding metal stent (ID-FCSEMS) to treat anastomotic biliary strictures (AS) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT)","volume":"31","author":"Aepli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91081","DOI":"10.5500\/wjt.v14.i2.91081","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of Kaffes intraductal self-expanding metal stents in the management of post-liver transplant anastomotic strictures","volume":"14","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.04.043","article-title":"Successful management of benign biliary strictures with fully covered self-expanding metal stents","volume":"147","author":"Ponchon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2020.04.078","article-title":"Fully covered self-expanding metal stents for benign biliary stricture after orthotopic liver transplant: 5-year outcomes","volume":"92","author":"Poley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-024-11467-6","article-title":"Fully covered self-expandable metal stents versus multiple plastic stents for the treatment of post-orthotopic liver transplant anastomotic biliary strictures: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"39","author":"Baraldo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"485","article-title":"Efficacy of different stent types in post-liver-transplant anastomotic biliary strictures: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Papaefthymiou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-100277","article-title":"Endoscopic management with multiple plastic stents of anastomotic biliary stricture following liver transplantation: Long-term results","volume":"48","author":"Tringali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.07.025","article-title":"Liver transplant-related anastomotic biliary strictures: A novel, rapid, safe, radiation-sparing, and cost-effective management approach","volume":"87","author":"Barakat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0977-3158","article-title":"Sequential multistenting protocol in biliary stenosis after liver transplantation: A prospective analysis","volume":"51","author":"Tarantino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2007.08.046","article-title":"Rapid-sequence endoscopic management of posttransplant anastomotic biliary strictures","volume":"67","author":"Morelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1075-4080","article-title":"ERCP-related adverse events: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline","volume":"52","author":"Dumonceau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuentes-Valenzuela, E., De Benito Sanz, M., Pe\u00f1as-Herrero, I., Garc\u00eda-Pajares, F., Alonso-Mart\u00edn, C., Almohalla \u00c1lvarez, C., Mart\u00ednez-Ortega, A., Sanchez-Ocana, R., de la Serna-Higuera, C., and S\u00e1nchez-Antol\u00edn, G. (2025). Endoscopic Management of Recurrent Anastomotic Biliary Stricture Following Deceased Orthotopic Liver Transplantation. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072198"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2024.11.017","article-title":"Digital single-operator cholangioscopy for difficult anastomotic biliary strictures in living donor liver transplant recipients after failure of standard ERCP: SPYPASS-2 study (with videos)","volume":"101","author":"Cho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1540-7975","article-title":"EUS-guided biliary interventions for benign diseases and unsuccessful ERCP\u2014A prospective unicenter feasibility study on a large consecutive patient cohort","volume":"59","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2016.08.047","article-title":"Treatment of completely obstructed benign biliary strictures with magnetic compression anastomosis: Follow-up results after recanalization","volume":"85","author":"Jang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2020.095","article-title":"Magnetic Compression Anastomosis for the Treatment of Post-Transplant Biliary Stricture","volume":"53","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-019-07063-8","article-title":"Magnetic compression anastomosis for the treatment of benign biliary strictures: A clinical study from China","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6598","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11634-w","article-title":"Combined endoscopic-percutaneous approach for magnetic compression anastomosis in post-transplant anastomotic biliary strictures","volume":"35","author":"Esen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-026-12584-0","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of magnetic compression anastomosis in the management of biliary obstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Desouky","year":"2026","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05670-y","article-title":"Treating Biliary-Enteric Anastomotic Strictures with Enteroscopy-ERCP Requires Fewer Procedures than Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drains","volume":"64","author":"Hammad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-017-0754-z","article-title":"Endoscopic management of biliary strictures after living donor liver transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Tsujino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E377","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2261-2968","article-title":"EUS-BD for calibration of benign stenosis of the bile duct in patients with altered anatomy or inaccessible papilla","volume":"12","author":"Caillol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E108","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2220-2740","article-title":"EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy versus percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage after failed ERCP: A propensity score-matched analysis","volume":"12","author":"Koutlas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2022.11.018","article-title":"Intraductal fully covered self-expandable metal stent versus multiple plastic stents for treating biliary anastomotic strictures after liver transplantation","volume":"97","author":"Sissingh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631774519867786","DOI":"10.1177\/2631774519867786","article-title":"Cholangioscopy-guided steroid injection for refractory post liver transplant anastomotic strictures: A rescue case series","volume":"12","author":"Franzini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003738","article-title":"The Classification of Biliary Strictures in Patients with Right-Lobe Liver Transplant Recipients and Its Relation to Traversing the Stricture with a Guidewire","volume":"106","author":"Parlak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ASGE Standards of Practice Committee (2024). American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on the role of therapeutic EUS in the management of biliary tract disorders: Summary and recommendations. Gastrointest. Endosc., 100, 967\u2013979.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2024.03.027"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113071","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v32.i2.113071","article-title":"Biliary drainage in patients with altered anatomy: Literature review of different endoscopic approaches","volume":"32","author":"Cocca","year":"2026","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-025-09297-0","article-title":"Entero-Enteric Lumen Apposing Metal Stents (LAMS) for Biliary Access in Patients with Altered Anatomy","volume":"71","author":"Chalikonda","year":"2026","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/den.14990","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of a modified nonflared fully covered self-expandable metal stent for refractory anastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation (with video)","volume":"37","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dig. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"459","article-title":"Safety and indications for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in liver transplant patients: An analysis of the United States\u2019 National Inpatient Sample database","volume":"36","author":"Tarar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70008","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.70008","article-title":"Procedure-related readmissions following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in a liver transplant cohort","volume":"8","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.23758","article-title":"Role of immunosuppression in post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis after liver transplantation: A retrospective analysis","volume":"19","author":"Law","year":"2013","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15399","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.15399","article-title":"Risks of Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis After Liver Transplantation","volume":"38","author":"Ghambari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C.C., Koschny, R., Rupp, C., Michl, P., Mehrabi, A., Wehling, C., Kantowski, M., and Sauer, P. (2025). Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography cholangitis after endoscopic treatment of post-transplant biliary strictures: A retrospective study. BMC Surg., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-025-03106-1"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000003825","article-title":"Quality Indicators for ERCP","volume":"121","author":"Anderson","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.05.014","article-title":"Significant infections in liver transplant recipients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiography are few and unaffected by prophylactic antibiotics","volume":"50","author":"Kohli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002200","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2025-002200","article-title":"Assessing the effect of single dose antibiotic prophylaxis compared with a multiday regimen in liver transplant recipients undergoing routine endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: A retrospective, single-centre, registry-based cohort study with a historical control group","volume":"13","author":"Ruhberg","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103560","article-title":"Role of antibiotic prophylaxis in liver transplant patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Nadeem","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.12538","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of biliary complications after adult right-lobe living donor liver transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13003","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13003","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of early compared to late onset choledochocholedochal anastomotic strictures after orthotopic liver transplantation","volume":"31","author":"Satapathy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/62\/9\/1773\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:47:26Z","timestamp":1789498046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/62\/9\/1773"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina62091773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina62091773","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}