{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:31:49Z","timestamp":1791322309673,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Assessing health literacy requires valid measurement tools that capture its multidimensional nature. The nine-scale Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) is globally used for this purpose. This study reports on the initial psychometric assessment of the Polish version of the HLQ. Materials and Methods: The HLQ was translated using the developers\u2019 Translation Integrity Procedure and administered to 918 health professions students in a cross-sectional survey. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and reliability tests were conducted. Results: One-factor CFAs generally supported the intended structure of the individual HLQ scales, although some variation in model fit was observed across scales. A full, restrictive nine-factor CFA supported the original nine-factor model, with good fit indices: \u03c72WLSMV (866 df) = 1752.08, p &lt; 0.0001, CFI = 0.973, TLI = 0.970, SRMR = 0.045, RMSEA = 0.035. Factor loadings were generally acceptable (\u22650.50), with only two items below the threshold. Internal consistency of scales was good to acceptable in all but one domain marginally lower than desired: \u201cAppraisal of health information\u201d (Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1 = 0.69, composite reliability 0.68). Conclusions: The findings provide initial evidence supporting structural validity and internal consistency of the Polish HLQ in this sample. Further testing in other Polish populations is recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina62091801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:25:43Z","timestamp":1789986343000},"page":"1801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Translation and Assessment of Structural Validity and Internal Consistency of the Polish Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) in Health Professions Students"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1826-2901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Lipiak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8373-037X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Karasiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Gaw\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Staszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Wi\u015bniewska-Le\u015bk\u00f3w","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Foreign Language Teaching, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5704-0490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Equity Development Hub, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9081-2699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard H.","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Equity Development Hub, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1966-9498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Chaw\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.49.1.76","article-title":"The Community Responsibility for Medical Care","volume":"49","author":"Dixon","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am. 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