{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T04:10:54Z","timestamp":1771301454614,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is an indication of abrupt rise in chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Nigeria and thyroid function involvement has not been sufficiently evaluated. This study determined thyroid gland function among subjects with CKD in Benin City, Nigeria. A total of 184 randomized CKD patients attending specialist clinic and 80 healthy control subjects were recruited for this study. A well-structured questionnaire was used to obtain data on socio-demography. Blood specimens were collected and used for the determination of thyroid function parameters; thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), free triiodothyronine (fT3), thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Abs), thyroid globulin antibody (Tg-Abs) and Deiodinase enzyme Type 1 (D1). SPINA GD and SPINA GT were calculated using Michaelis-Menten model. The CKD was classified into stages using Modification of Drug in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula. Thyroid dysfunctions observed were clinical hyperthyroidism 1 (0.54%), non-thyroidal illness 78 (42.4%), clinical hypothyroidism 11 (6.0%), sub-clinical hyperthyroidism 3 (1.60%), and sub-clinical hypothyroidism 11 (6.0%), while euthyroid were 80 (43.5%). SPINA GD of CKD patients (33.85 \u00b1 10.94) was not significantly different when compared with controls (24.85 \u00b1 1.57), whereas, SPINA GT was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.01) among CKD patients (3.74 \u00b1 0.31) than controls (2.68 \u00b1 0.11). Autoimmune thyroid disease demonstrated by positive Tg-Abs and TPO-Abs were observed among approximately 7.9% of CKD patients. Serum TPO-Abs concentration increased with CKD progression. Thyroid dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of CKD patients. The etiologies are multifactorial and immunological mechanisms of autoimmune thyroid disease may be a contributing factor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines10080047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T10:21:50Z","timestamp":1691576510000},"page":"47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spectrum of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in Benin City, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"John O.","family":"Obasuyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City 300283, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Service, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City 300283, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6266-1774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias A.","family":"Emokpae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City 300283, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olanrewaju, T.O., Aderibigbe, A., Popoola, A., Braimoh, K.T., Buhari, M.O., Adedoyin, O.T., Kuranga, S.A., Biliaminu, S.A., Chijioke, A., and Ajape, A.A. (2020). Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and risk factors in North-Central Nigeria: A population-based survey. BMC Nephrol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-02126-8"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.14745","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease diagnosis and management: A review","volume":"322","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"8053","article-title":"Low Plasma kidney progression","volume":"10","author":"Fengiiae","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-1081-8","article-title":"Thyroid hormones associate with risk of incident chronic kidney disease and rapid decline in renal function: A prospective investigation","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy289","article-title":"Association of thyroid status prior to transition to end-stage renal disease with early dialysis mortality","volume":"34","author":"You","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1993324","article-title":"Thyroid Feedback Quantile-based Index correlates strongly to renal function in euthyroid individuals","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4103\/jomt.jomt_12_18","article-title":"Thyroid profile in non-dialysis-dependent patients with chronic kidney disease in tertiary hospital in Southern Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"Okaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.93737","article-title":"Interactions between thyroid disorders and kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Basu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2018.29.137.12992","article-title":"Thyroid hormone status in Ghanian patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"29","author":"Aryee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pan. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"520281","article-title":"Thyroid disorders and chronic kidney Disease","volume":"6","author":"Mohamed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S162230","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Nigeria: Systematic review of population-based studies","volume":"22","author":"Chukwuonye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351864","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/351864","article-title":"TSH and thyrotropic agonists: Key actors in thyroid homeostasis","volume":"2012","author":"Dietrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Thyroid Res."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease (2015). Mortality causes of death collaborators. Global, regional and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980\u20132015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study. Lancet, 388, 1459\u20131544."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-0273","article-title":"Trends in prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States","volume":"165","author":"Murphy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.181","article-title":"Sex and gender disparities in the epidemiology and outcomes of chronic kidney disease","volume":"14","author":"Carrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu024","article-title":"Thyroid functional disease: An under-recognized cardiovascular risk factor in kidney disease patients","volume":"30","author":"Rhee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010070766","article-title":"The renal manifestations of thyroid disease","volume":"23","author":"Mariani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1159\/000499201","article-title":"Relationships of chronic kidney Disease and thyroid dysfunction in non-dialysis patients: A pilot study","volume":"44","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"60","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"23","author":"Volkova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01865.x","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical implications of low thyroid hormone levels (total and free forms) in euthyroid patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"262","author":"Carrero","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13388","article-title":"Thyroid hormones and diabetic nephropathy: An essential relationship to recognize","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26273","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026273","article-title":"Relationship between autoimmune thyroid disease and nephropathy: A clinicopathological study","volume":"100","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2436-0","article-title":"FLT3 stop mutation increases FLT3 ligand level and risk of autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"584","author":"Saevarsdottir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.18231\/j.pjms.2022.118","article-title":"To Study the prevalence of thyroid autoimmune antibody in Chronic Kidney Disease patients with hypothyroidism in Eastern Uttar Pradesh","volume":"12","author":"Sarkari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Panacea J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-3280","article-title":"Correlation between thyroid autoantibodies and cardiovascular disease in patients with stages 3\u20135 chronic kidney disease","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"679","article-title":"Integration of peripheral and glandular regulation of T3 production by thyrotropin in untreated and thyroxine-treated subjects","volume":"47","author":"Hoermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."}],"container-title":["Medicines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6320\/10\/8\/47\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:28:32Z","timestamp":1760128112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6320\/10\/8\/47"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["medicines10080047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicines10080047","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]}}}