{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:34:19Z","timestamp":1790318059282,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]],"date-time":"2014-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A total of 115 different plant extracts from our collection, representing 96 plant species, have been evaluated for in vitro antileishmanial activity against L. amazonensis promastigotes. In addition, the extracts were screened for cytotoxic activity against BALB\/c mouse macrophages in order to assess a selectivity index. Crude extracts that showed a selectivity index (CC50 for macrophage \/ IC50 for promastigotes) \u00b3 5 or with  IC50 &lt; 12.5 \u03bcg\/mL against promastigotes, a total of 28 extracts, were further screened for anti-amastigote activity. A total of 25 extracts showed promising activity against  L. amazonensis promastigotes with low cytotoxic activity. Ten of these extracts showed selectivity indices, (CC50 for macrophages \/ IC50 for amastigotes) greater than 10 and are considered \u201chits\u201d, worthy candidates for further phytochemical exploration: Conostegia xalapensis methanol bark extract, Endiandra palmerstonii bark extract, Eugenia monteverdensis acetone bark extract, Eugenia sp. \u201cfine leaf\u201d acetone bark extract, Exothea paniculata chloroform bark extract, Mallotus paniculatus ethanol bark extract, Matelea pseudobarbata ethanol extract, Quercus insignis ethanol bark extract, Sassafras albidum dichloromethane bark extract, and Stemmadenia donnell-smithii acetone bark extract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines1010032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]],"date-time":"2014-11-19T10:56:41Z","timestamp":1416394601000},"page":"32-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Antileishmanial Potential of Tropical Rainforest Plant Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Lianet","family":"Monzote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine \"Pedro Kouri\", 10400 Havana, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Pi\u00f1\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine \"Pedro Kouri\", 10400 Havana, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3639-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Setzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvar, J., V\u00e9lez, I.D., Bern, C., Herrero, M., Desjeux, P., Cano, J., Jannin, J., den Boer, M., and the WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team (2012). Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stockdale, L., and Newton, R. (2013). A review of preventative methods against human leishmaniasis infection. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002278"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, C., Wang, O., Strutz, S.E., Gonz\u00e1lez-Salazar, C., S\u00e1nchez-Cordero, V., and Sarkar, S. (2010). Climate change and risk of leishmaniasis in North America: Predictions from ecological niche models of vector and reservoir species. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000585"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-008-1072-8","article-title":"Sandflies and sandfly-borne infections of humans in Central Europe in the light of climate change","volume":"120","author":"Gerersdorfer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70104-5","article-title":"Climate change and infectious diseases in Europe","volume":"9","author":"Semenza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0432","article-title":"New state records for Lutzomyia shannoni and Lutzomyia vexator","volume":"46","author":"Minter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Mann, R.S., Kaufman, P.E., and Butler, J.F. A sand fly, Lutzomyia shannoni Dyar (Insecta: Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotomine). Available online: http:\/\/edis.ifas.ufl.edu\/in797."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1086\/518041","article-title":"Influence of Leishmania (Viannia) species on the response to antimonial treatment in patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis","volume":"195","author":"Arevalo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.19","article-title":"Current diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Goto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1021\/np9604893","article-title":"Natural products in drug discovery and development","volume":"60","author":"Cragg","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1021\/np068054v","article-title":"Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years","volume":"70","author":"Newman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1021\/np200906s","article-title":"Natural products as sources of new drugs over the years from 1981 to 2010","volume":"75","author":"Newman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1039\/b100455g","article-title":"Plant natural products with leishmanicidal activity","volume":"18","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2003.10.006","article-title":"A review of natural products with antileishmanial activity","volume":"12","author":"Rocha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.2174\/092986706778201611","article-title":"Natural products from plants as drug candidates and lead compounds against leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis","volume":"13","author":"Salem","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2011.03.004","article-title":"Plant derived therapeutics for the treatment of leishmaniasis","volume":"18","author":"Sen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53836-9.00027-X","article-title":"Antileishmanial natural products from plants","volume":"36","author":"Ogungbe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712800229023","article-title":"The potential of secondary metabolites from plants as drugs or leads against protozoan neglected diseases-Part I","volume":"19","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712800229087","article-title":"The potential of secondary metabolites from plants as drugs or leads against protozoan neglected diseases-Part II","volume":"19","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1076\/phbi.39.1.67.5944","article-title":"The medicinal value of tropical rainforest plants from Paluma, north Queensland, Australia","volume":"39","author":"Setzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmaceut. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"647","article-title":"Phytomedicinal potential of tropical cloudforest plants from Monteverde, Costa Rica","volume":"51","author":"Setzer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Williams, L.A.D. (2006). Biologically Active Natural Products for the 21st Century, Research Signpost."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(93)90088-O","article-title":"An improve MTT assay","volume":"157","author":"Sladowski","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Meth."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2005.01.001","article-title":"Development of a modified MTT assay for screening antimonial resistant field isolates of Indian visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"54","author":"Dutta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.5.1234","article-title":"Selective effect of 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxychalcone isolated from Piper aduncum on Leishmania amazonensis","volume":"43","author":"Caio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agent. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.5.1349-1354.2001","article-title":"Antileishmanial activity of an indole alkaloid from Peschiera australis","volume":"45","author":"Delorenzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agent. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(01)00346-4","article-title":"Antiprotozoal activities of Colombian plants","volume":"78","author":"Weniger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.10.036","article-title":"In vitro antiprotozoal activities and cytotoxicity of some selected Cameroonian medicinal plants","volume":"111","author":"Ndjakou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.01.007","article-title":"Assessment of anti-protozoal activity of plants traditionally used in Ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis","volume":"128","author":"Kaiser","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"140","article-title":"La familia Apocynaceae (Apocynoideae, Rauvolfioideae) en Guatemala","volume":"47","author":"Morales","year":"2009","journal-title":"Darwiniana"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-4020(58)88038-2","article-title":"Alkaloids from Stemmadenia species-I: The alkaloids of S. donnell-smithii and S. galeottiana","volume":"2","author":"Walls","year":"1958","journal-title":"Tetrahedron,"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2007.01.004","article-title":"Leishmanicidal activity of a supercritical fluid fraction obtained from Tabernaemontana catharinensis","volume":"56","author":"Soares","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.05.008","article-title":"Antiparasitic activity of alkaloids from plant species of Papua New Guinea and Australia","volume":"36","author":"Fernandez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.13.114","article-title":"Interactions of antiparasitic alkaloids with Leishmania protein targets: A molecular docking analysis","volume":"5","author":"Ogungbe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.15517\/rbt.v62i3.12377","article-title":"Actividad contra Leishmania sp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) de plantas en una Reserva Biol\u00f3gica de Costa Rica","volume":"62","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filho, V.C., Meyre-Silva, C., Niero, R., Bolda Mariano, L.N., Gomes do Nascimento, F., Farias, I.V., Gazoni, V.F., dos Santos Silva, B., Gim\u00e9nez, A., and Gutierrez-Yapu, D. (2013). Evaluation of antileishmanial activity of selected Brazilian plants and identification of the active principles. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/265025"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"47","article-title":"Atividade leishmanicida in vitro de Eugenia uniflora e Momordica charantia","volume":"34","author":"Vega","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Ci\u00ean. Farm. B\u00e1sic. Apl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.12.006","article-title":"Antileishmanial and antifungal activity of plants used in traditional medicine in Brazil","volume":"111","author":"Braga","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, K.A.d.F., Amorim, L.V., Guerra de Oliveira, J.M., Dias, C.N., Moraes, D.F.C., Andrade, E.H.d.A., Maia, J.G.S., Carneiro, S.M.P., and Carvalho, F.A.d.A. (2013). Eugenia uniflora L. essential oil as a potential anti-Leishmania agent: Effects on Leishmania amazonensis and possible mechanisms of action. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/279726"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.01.026","article-title":"Antiparasitic activity of some New Caledonian medicinal plants","volume":"112","author":"Desrivot","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)84385-X","article-title":"Triterpenoids from two Mallotus species: A nor-triterpene and two new acids","volume":"15","author":"Hui","year":"1976","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.09.029","article-title":"Antiparasitic activities of medicinal plants used in Ivory Coast","volume":"90","author":"Okpekon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"829","article-title":"Seasonal variation in the leaf essential oil composition of Sassafras albidum","volume":"3","author":"Kaler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"111","article-title":"Allelopathic potential of Sassafras albidum and Pinus taeda essential oils","volume":"27","author":"Kennedy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allelopathy J."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"167","article-title":"Antiprotozoal activity of essential oils","volume":"77","author":"Monzote","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. Consp. Scient."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-8548","article-title":"In vitro effect of essential oils and isolated mono- and sesquiterpenes on Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"66","author":"Mikus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camargos, H.S., Moreira, R.A., Mendanha, S.A., Fernandes, K.S., Dorta, M.L., and Alonso, A. (2014). Terpenes increase the lipid dynamics in the Leishmania plasma membrane at concentrations similar to their IC50 values. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104429"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86821996000300002","article-title":"Plants used in the treatment of leishmanial ulcers due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in an endemic area of Bahia, Brazil","volume":"29","author":"Lago","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1380","article-title":"Antileishmanial, antitrypanosoma, and cytotoxic screening of ethnopharmacologically selected Peruvian plants","volume":"110","author":"Reina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, A., Kiderlen, A., and Kolodziej, H. (2010). Lapachol and isomeric 5- and 8-hydroxy-2-(1'-hydroxyethyl)naphtho[2,3-b] furan-4,9-diones are effective antileishmanial constituents of Tabebuia avellanedae. Planta Med., 76.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1264769"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"o97","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600536802023164","article-title":"Agatholic acid","volume":"E59","author":"Bates","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. Sect. E"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2004.9698723","article-title":"Composition of the leaf oils of the Australian species of Euodia and Melicope (Rutaceae)","volume":"16","author":"Brophy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-871278","article-title":"Isolation of cupanioside, a novel cytotoxic and antibacterial long-chain fatty alcohol glycoside from the bark of Cupania glabra","volume":"71","author":"Setzer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2007.03.013","article-title":"Leishmanicidal evaluation of extracts from native plants of the Yucatan peninsula","volume":"78","author":"Dumonteil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1021\/np100415m","article-title":"Antiparasitic compounds from Cupania cinerea with activities against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense","volume":"74","author":"Gachet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762005000700019","article-title":"Antileishmanial and trypanocidal activity of Brazilian Cerrado plants","volume":"100","author":"Desrivot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90013-7","article-title":"Antiprotozoal activity of diospyrin towards Leishmania donovani promastigotes in vitro","volume":"81","author":"Hazra","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. Hygiene"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"422","article-title":"Inhibitory activity of diospyrin derivatives against Leishmania major parasites in vitro","volume":"34","author":"Hazra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.54.6.994","article-title":"Diospyrin, a bisnaphthoquinone: A novel inhibitor of type I DNA topoisomerase of Leishmania donovani","volume":"54","author":"Ray","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.08.007","article-title":"Apoptosis-like death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes induced by diospyrin and its ethanolamine derivative","volume":"34","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agent."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2006.05.039","article-title":"Antiprotozoal and cytotoxic naphthalene derivatives from Diospyros assimilis","volume":"67","author":"Ganapaty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2012.06.055","article-title":"Leishmanicidal activities and cytotoxicities of bisnaphthoquinone analogues and naphthol derivatives from Burman Diospyros burmanica","volume":"20","author":"Izumoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-93322005000100010","article-title":"Effects of medicinal plant extracts on growth of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"41","author":"Luize","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ci\u00ean. Farm."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.27.921","article-title":"In vitro screening of leishmanicidal activity in Myanmar timber extracts","volume":"27","author":"Takahashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.10.006","article-title":"Screening of New Caledonian and Vanuatu medicinal plants for antiprotozoal activity","volume":"96","author":"Billo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.07.044","article-title":"Treatment of leishmaniasis in the Oyapock basin (French Guiana): A K.A.P. survey and analysis of the evolution of phytotherapy knowledge amongst Way\u00e3pi Indians","volume":"137","author":"Odonne","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"122","article-title":"Evaluation of Nepeta laevigata, Nepeta kurramensis and Rhynchosia reniformis on antimalarial and antileishmanial activities","volume":"1","author":"Memoona","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Bioassays"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"24","article-title":"Identification of essential oil components from Conradina canescens","volume":"2","author":"Dosoky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Essent. Oils Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.11.016","article-title":"Activity of Thymus capitellatus volatile extract, 1,8-cineole and borneol against Leishmania species","volume":"200","author":"Machado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2010.02.009","article-title":"Trypanocidal and antileukaemic effects of the essential oils of Hagenia abyssinica, Leonotis ocymifolia, Moringa stenopetala, and their main individual constituents","volume":"17","author":"Nibret","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"}],"container-title":["Medicines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6320\/1\/1\/32\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:41Z","timestamp":1760216981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6320\/1\/1\/32"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["medicines1010032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicines1010032","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,19]]}}}