{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T16:21:07Z","timestamp":1778948467999,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences","award":["CI2021A04601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI2021A04601"]}]},{"name":"Western Sydney University","award":["CI2021A04601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CI2021A04601"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytokine storm (CS) is the main driver of SARS-CoV-2-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). The pathological mechanisms of CS are quite complex and involve multiple critical molecular targets that turn self-limited and mild COVID-19 into a severe and life-threatening concern. At present, vaccines are strongly recommended as safe and effective treatments for preventing serious illness or death from COVID-19. However, effective treatment options are still lacking for people who are at the most risk or hospitalized with severe disease. Chinese herbal medicines have been shown to improve the clinical outcomes of mild to severe COVID-19 as an adjunct therapy, particular preventing the development of mild to severe ARDS. This review illustrates in detail the pathogenesis of CS-involved ARDS and its associated key molecular targets, cytokines and signalling pathways. The therapeutic targets were identified particularly in relation to the turning points of the development of COVID-19, from mild symptoms to severe ARDS. Preclinical and clinical studies were reviewed for the effects of Chinese herbal medicines together with conventional therapies in reducing ARDS symptoms and addressing critical therapeutic targets associated with CS. Multiple herbal formulations, herbal extracts and single bioactive phytochemicals with or without conventional therapies demonstrated strong anti-CS effects through multiple mechanisms. However, evidence from larger, well-designed clinical trials is lacking and their detailed mechanisms of action are yet to be well elucidated. More research is warranted to further evaluate the therapeutic value of Chinese herbal medicine for CS in COVID-19-induced ARDS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines11070014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T14:59:50Z","timestamp":1721314790000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: Insight into Pathological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Benefits of Chinese Herbal Medicines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qingyuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China"},{"name":"Xiyuan Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8766-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rotina","family":"Kapini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"School of Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8152-4517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Arsecularatne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-2209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunguang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1037-4033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junguo","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"M\u00fcnch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianxun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Region, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/tre.794","article-title":"Sepsis: An important treatable illness, but susceptible to hype","volume":"12","author":"Kirby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Urol. 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