{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:37:54Z","timestamp":1787503074554,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune rheumatic condition characterized by an unpredictable course and a wide spectrum of manifestations varying in severity. Individuals with SLE are at an increased risk of cerebrovascular events, particularly strokes. These strokes manifest with a diverse range of symptoms that cannot be solely attributed to conventional risk factors, underscoring their significance among the atypical risk factors in the context of SLE. This complexity complicates the identification of optimal management plans and the selection of medication combinations for individual patients. This susceptibility is further complicated by the nuances of neuropsychiatric SLE, which reveals a diverse array of neurological symptoms, particularly those associated with ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Given the broad range of clinical presentations and associated risks linking strokes to SLE, ongoing research and comprehensive care strategies are essential. These efforts are critical for improving patient outcomes by optimizing management strategies and discovering new medications. This review aims to elucidate the pathological connection between SLE and strokes by examining neurological manifestations, risk factors, mechanisms, prediction and prevention strategies, management plans, and available research tools and animal models. It seeks to explore this medical correlation and discover new medication options that can be tailored to individual SLE patients at risk of stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines11070015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T17:16:49Z","timestamp":1722446209000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Deciphering Mechanisms, Prevention Strategies, Management Plans, Medications, and Research Techniques for Strokes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ola A.","family":"Al-Ewaidat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ascension Saint Francis Hospital, Evanston, IL 60202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0451-5901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moawiah M.","family":"Naffaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000091181.93122.55","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus during a 10-year period: A comparison of early and late manifestations in a cohort of 1000 patients","volume":"82","author":"Cervera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2010.08.001","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus: A meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Unterman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. 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