{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T09:37:26Z","timestamp":1772271446626,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine","award":["NRDA2023IA-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRDA2023IA-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Alcohol is associated with increased mortality and morbidity globally. Pulmonary infections with opportunistic pathogens can occur in healthy humans; however, binge alcohol intoxication (\u22650.08% BAC) is a major risk factor. We have previously shown that a single dose of alcohol comparable to binge alcohol intoxication increases infection by reducing alveolar macrophage function in vivo. Sulforaphane (SFN), a phytonutrient, is a potent inducer of antioxidant production through the induction of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer (NF-kB) pathway. The aim of this study was to test the therapeutic potential of SFN given as a pretreatment to prevent alcohol-induced phagocytic dysfunction. Methods: Intracellular phagocytic killing was measured via colony-forming units (CFU) and cytokine expression via ELISA. G. mellonella survival was used to determine the therapeutic potential of SFN in vivo. Results: Dose\u2013response curves indicated that SFN concentrations of less than 20 \u00b5M were not cytotoxic in either MH-S (murine) or THP-1 (human) cells. Live infection assay results showed that MH-S and THP-1 cells pretreated with SFN (5 \u00b5M) and challenged with 0.2% (v\/v) alcohol for 3 or 8 h prior to live B. thailandensis or S. epidermidis infection improved intracellular pathogen killing between 12- and 20-fold compared to macrophages treated with alcohol alone. ELISA analysis indicated that SFN significantly reduced levels of Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) expression at 3 and 8 h compared to controls. Additionally, a Galleria mellonella larvae model demonstrated greater survivability in the prophylaxis group compared to larvae exposed to either Gram-positive or Gram-negative pathogens, as well as in groups that received alcohol prior to pathogen inoculation. Conclusions: Taken together, SFN-induced cytoprotection was extended beyond in vitro cell culture to include an in vivo G. mellonella model demonstrating protection against Gram-positive and negative opportunistic pathogens. These data demonstrate that SFN may be an effective pretreatment option to prevent alcohol-mediated innate immune dysfunction and restore macrophage phagocytic killing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines13010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:57:29Z","timestamp":1771516649000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sulforaphane Pre-Treatment Improves Alveolar Macrophage Killing After Alcohol-Induced Phagocytic Dysfunction In Vitro and in Galleria mellonella Larvae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Caleb","family":"Harrop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2162 S 180 E, Provo, UT 84606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7479-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2162 S 180 E, Provo, UT 84606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Darby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2162 S 180 E, Provo, UT 84606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dallen","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2162 S 180 E, Provo, UT 84606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Quimby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2162 S 180 E, Provo, UT 84606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Braydon","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2162 S 180 E, Provo, UT 84606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2162 S 180 E, Provo, UT 84606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ethan","family":"Ostrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tinna","family":"Traustad\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3466-7466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando P.","family":"Monroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5640, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Victor M.","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2162 S 180 E, Provo, UT 84606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v38.1.05","article-title":"Social and Cultural Contexts of Alcohol Use: Influences in a Social-Ecological Framework","volume":"38","author":"Sudhinaraset","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.02.004","article-title":"The 12-month prevalence and trends in DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1991\u20131992 and 2001\u20132002","volume":"74","author":"Grant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.005","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and alcohol consumption: Impacts and interconnections","volume":"8","author":"Calina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. 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