{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:07:50Z","timestamp":1788930470078,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Kienb\u00f6ck disease (idiopathic avascular necrosis of the lunate) is treated almost exclusively surgically; its pharmacological evidence base comprises fewer than five primary publications and ~20 patient-level observations. Femoral-head, jaw, and knee osteonecrosis have decades of evidence, including randomised trials. We ask whether extra-carpal evidence can be translated to Kienb\u00f6ck disease and the wider Carpal Avascular Necrosis Family (lunate, scaphoid\/Preiser, capitate, hamate, triquetrum). Methods: We conducted a narrative review reported per SANRA, searching PubMed, CrossRef, Google Scholar and three specialty registries from inception to 2026 across eleven drug classes and eleven skeletal sites. All references were independently verified against primary sources (PubMed\/CrossRef). No Kienb\u00f6ck-specific randomised or controlled data exist; all conclusions therefore rest on indirect, extra-carpal evidence. Results: Three pathways (subchondral insufficiency fracture, microvascular ischaemia, hypercoagulability) predict drug-class plausibility differently by site. Iloprost is the candidate most consistently aligned across the translation axes, though no direct lunate data exist; teriparatide provides the only randomised evidence suggesting reversal of established osteonecrosis at any site (medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw). The lunate sits within a coherent carpal AVN family sharing end-arterial supply, Lichtman-grade trajectories, and a near-identical evidence vacuum. Conclusions: A Four-Axis Translation Framework (mechanistic alignment, anatomic concordance, Lichtman-stage applicability, lunate-specific risk\u2013benefit geometry) is proposed to evaluate which extra-carpal evidence is admissible at the lunate; with the carpal AVN family construct, these are the review\u2019s two novel contributions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines13030027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:08:43Z","timestamp":1788275323000},"page":"27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacotherapy of Kienb\u00f6ck Disease and the Carpal Avascular Necrosis Family: A Narrative Review with a Four-Axis Translation Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dimitar","family":"Tenev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USBALO\u2014Boycho Boychev, Medical University Sofia, 1614 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Hochbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMSC, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgi","family":"Enev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgi","family":"Raykov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Sonnenhofspital, 3006 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolay","family":"Cherkezov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USBALO\u2014Boycho Boychev, Medical University Sofia, 1614 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0385-3940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Adolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USBALO\u2014Boycho Boychev, Medical University Sofia, 1614 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolay","family":"Dimitrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USBALO\u2014Boycho Boychev, Medical University Sofia, 1614 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.10.012","article-title":"Kienb\u00f6ck\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Beredjiklian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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