{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T02:39:43Z","timestamp":1783478383117,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]],"date-time":"2017-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extensive documentation on the antimicrobial properties of essential oils and their constituents has been carried out by several workers. Although the mechanism of action of a few essential oil components has been elucidated in many pioneering works in the past, detailed knowledge of most of the compounds and their mechanism of action is still lacking. This knowledge is particularly important for the determination of the effect of essential oils on different microorganisms, how they work in combination with other antimicrobial compounds, and their interaction with food matrix components. Also, recent studies have demonstrated that nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with essential oils have significant antimicrobial potential against multidrug- resistant pathogens due to an increase in chemical stability and solubility, decreased rapid evaporation and minimized degradation of active essential oil components. The application of encapsulated essential oils also supports their controlled and sustained release, which enhances their bioavailability and efficacy against multidrug-resistant pathogens. In the recent years, due to increasingly negative consumer perceptions of synthetic preservatives, interest in essential oils and their application in food preservation has been amplified. Moreover, the development of resistance to different antimicrobial agents by bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, etc. is a great challenge to the medical field for treating the infections caused by them, and hence, there is a pressing need to look for new and novel antimicrobials. To overcome these problems, nano-encapsulation of essential oils and exploiting the synergies between essential oils, constituents of essential oils, and antibiotics along with essential oils have been recommended as an answer to this problem. However, less is known about the interactions that lead to additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects. A contributing role of this knowledge could be the design of new and more potent antimicrobial blends, and understanding of the interplay between the components of crude essential oils. This review is written with the purpose of giving an overview of current knowledge about the antimicrobial properties of essential oils and their mechanisms of action, components of essential oils, nano-encapsulated essential oils, and synergistic combinations of essential oils so as to find research areas that can facilitate applications of essential oils to overcome the problem of multidrug-resistant micro-organisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines4030058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]],"date-time":"2017-08-08T10:28:08Z","timestamp":1502188088000},"page":"58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1178,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils\u2014Present Status and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Sonam","family":"Chouhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Product Laboratory, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Main Campus Chatha, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180 009, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanika","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Product Laboratory, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Main Campus Chatha, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180 009, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1558-8479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay","family":"Guleria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Product Laboratory, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Main Campus Chatha, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180 009, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00322-7","article-title":"Screening of antioxidant activity of three Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used for the management of neuro-degenerative diseases","volume":"84","author":"Auddy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2015.06.009","article-title":"Advances in phenolic compounds analysis of aromatic plants and their potential applications","volume":"45","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.07.004","article-title":"Chemical composition and functional properties of essential oils from Mentha species","volume":"76","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s12230-008-9035-1","article-title":"Interspecific variability for antioxidant activity and phenolic content among Solanum species","volume":"85","author":"Hale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Potato Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s10298-007-0265-z","article-title":"Huiles essentielles et bact\u00e9ries r\u00e9sistantes aux antibiotiques","volume":"5","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytoth\u00e9rapie"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2007.11.006","article-title":"Potential antimicrobial uses of essential oils in food: Is citrus the answer?","volume":"19","author":"Fisher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.66930","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antifungal properties of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Eucalyptus largiflorens and Eucalyptus intertexta","volume":"6","author":"Ahd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2955","article-title":"Comparative study on the antiviral activity of selected monoterpenes derived from essential oils","volume":"24","author":"Astani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s10298-008-0307-1","article-title":"\u00c9tude de six huiles essentielles: Composition chimique et activit\u00e9 antibact\u00e9rienne","volume":"6","author":"Kaloustian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytoth\u00e9rapie"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"155","article-title":"Methode d\u2019\u00e9tudes des propri\u00e9tes antiseptiques des huiles essentielles par contact direct en milieu gelose [Thymus capitatus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Eucalyptus globulus, Artemisia herba alba]","volume":"2","author":"Benjilali","year":"1986","journal-title":"Plantes M\u00e9d. Phytoth\u00e9r."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022","article-title":"Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods\u2014A review","volume":"94","author":"Burt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.05.024","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of essential oils from plants of the genus Origanum","volume":"34","author":"Stefanakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.04.025","article-title":"Eugenol (an essential oil of clove) acts as an antibacterial agent against Salmonella typhi by disrupting the cellular membrane","volume":"130","author":"Devi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4565.2011.00342.x","article-title":"Perspectives on the use of essential oils as antimicrobials against Campylobacter jejuni CECT 7572 in retail chicken meats packaged in micro aerobic atmosphere","volume":"32","author":"Djenane","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.11.005","article-title":"Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review","volume":"6","author":"Balouiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2009). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test for Bacteria that Grow Aerobically: Approved Standard\u20148th Edition, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. CLSI Document M07-A8."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1006\/fmic.2000.0397","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Piceaexcelsa on Listeria, Staphylococcus aureus and coliform bacteria","volume":"18","author":"Canillac","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.07.011","article-title":"Chemical composition, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties of five Lamiaceae essential oils","volume":"61","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.03.079","article-title":"Oregano and lavender essential oils as antioxidant and antimicrobial additives of biogenic gelatin films","volume":"71","author":"Martuccia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.03.058","article-title":"Antimicrobial, antibiotic potentiating activity and phytochemical profile of essential oils from exotic and endemic medicinal plants of Mauritius","volume":"71","author":"Mahomoodally","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2015.10.001","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of six essential oils commonly used as condiments in Brazil against Clostridium perfringens","volume":"47","author":"Radaelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.02.016","article-title":"Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil, distilled aromatic water and herbal infusion from Epilobium parviflorum Schreb","volume":"100","author":"Bajera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.106","article-title":"Biological effects of essential oils\u2014A review","volume":"46","author":"Bakkali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00012","article-title":"Essential oils in food preservation: Mode of action, synergies and interactions with food matrix components","volume":"3","author":"Hyldgaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.05.018","article-title":"Essential oils composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of hydro distillated extract of Eucalyptus globulus fruits","volume":"89","author":"Rigoub","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.07.005","article-title":"Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of bergamot-mint (Menthacitrate Ehrh.) essential oils isolated from the herbage and aqueous distillate using different methods","volume":"91","author":"Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2693","article-title":"Tackling antibiotic resistance","volume":"9","author":"Bush","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.62890","article-title":"Chemical composition and resistance-modifying effect of the essential oil of Lantana camara Linn","volume":"6","author":"Sousa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00919-08","article-title":"Geraniol restores antibiotic activities against multidrug-resistant isolates from gram-negative species","volume":"53","author":"Lorenzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2010.01243.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of the essential oil of Hofmeisteria schaffneri","volume":"63","author":"Capella","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201000225","article-title":"Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the leaf and rhizome oils of Alpinia pahangensis Ridl., an endemic wild ginger from peninsular Malaysia","volume":"8","author":"Awang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2009.07.008","article-title":"Synergism and post antibiotic effect of tobramycin and Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli","volume":"17","author":"Ginestra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W.-R., Shi, Q.-S., Liang, Q., Xie, X.-B., Huang, X.-M., and Chen, Y.B. (2014). Antibacterial Activity and Kinetics of Litseacubeba Oil on Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110983"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.06.056","article-title":"Chemical composition, antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of essential oil from seeds of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill)","volume":"35","author":"Diao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2015.07.031","article-title":"Chemical composition, mechanism of antibacterial action and antioxidant activity of leaf essential oil of Forsythia koreana deciduous shrub","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02094","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Action of Black Pepper Essential Oil on Meat-Borne Escherichia coli","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.05.032","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of cinnamon essential oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.1890","article-title":"Antifungal activity of Coriarianepalensis essential oil by disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity against Candida","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.09.179","article-title":"Mechanisms of antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic properties of essential oil derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on Aspergillus flavus","volume":"220","author":"Hua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01428.x","article-title":"A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol","volume":"91","author":"Lambert","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.00969.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial agents from plants: Antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils","volume":"88","author":"Dorman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026261714040067","article-title":"Chemical constituents, antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of the essential oil from Cinnamomum cassia bark against four food related bacteria","volume":"83","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.18869\/acadpub.nfsr.3.1.43","article-title":"Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of leaf, ripe and unripe peel of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) essential oils","volume":"3","author":"Azhdarzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Food Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2009.02.004","article-title":"Physico-Chemical properties of whey protein isolate films containing oregano oil and their antimicrobial action against spoilage flora of fresh beef","volume":"82","author":"Zinoviadou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.00943.x","article-title":"The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil)","volume":"88","author":"Cox","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.01.032","article-title":"Antibacterial mode of action of Cudrania tricuspidata fruit essential oil, affecting membrane permeability and surface characteristics of food borne pathogens","volume":"32","author":"Bajpai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.07.030","article-title":"In Vitro antimicrobial effects and mechanism of action of selected plant essential oil combinations against four food related microorganisms","volume":"44","author":"Lv","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.08.004","article-title":"Chemical analysis, antimicrobial and anti-oxidative properties of Daucusgracilis essential oil and its mechanism of action","volume":"6","author":"Kolli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40529-015-0096-4","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and mechanisms of Salvia sclarea essential oil","volume":"56","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bot. Stud."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-0444.1000382","article-title":"Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Artemisia herba\u2013alba Asso grown in Algeria","volume":"6","author":"Lakehal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2016.505.092","article-title":"Essential oils of herbs and spices: Their antimicrobial activity and application in preservation of food","volume":"5","author":"Macwan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2016.05.013","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties and mode of action of mustard and cinnamon essential oils and their combination against foodborne bacteria","volume":"36","author":"Aznar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2011.06.033","article-title":"Antifungal activity of Coriandrumsativum essential oil, its mode of action against Candida species and potential synergism with amphotericin B","volume":"19","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauer, K., Garbe, D., and Surburg, H. (2001). Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials: Preparation, Properties and Uses, Wiley-VCH.","DOI":"10.1002\/3527600205"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2012.659528","article-title":"Bioactivity of essential oils and their volatile aroma components: Review","volume":"24","author":"Shaaban","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Bowles, E.J. (2003). Chemistry of Aromatherapeutic Oils, Allen & Unwin."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1118510","article-title":"Biosynthesis of plant volatiles: Nature\u2019s diversity and ingenuity","volume":"311","author":"Pichersky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Caballero, B., Trugo, L.C., and Finglas, P.M. (2003). Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s13562-011-0073-2","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects of essential oil of Eucalyptus teretecornis grown in north-western Himalaya against Alternaria alternate","volume":"21","author":"Guleria","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guleria, S., Tiku, A.K., Koul, A., Gupta, S., Singh, G., and Razdan, V.K. (2013). Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of the Essential Oil and Extracts of Zanthoxylum alatumm Grown in North-Western Himalaya. Sci. World J.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/790580"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2008-3-409","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Fungitoxic Activity of Essential Oil of Thuja orientalis L. Grown in the North-Western Himalaya","volume":"63","author":"Guleria","year":"2008","journal-title":"Z. Naturforschung C"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4168","DOI":"10.1021\/jf001494m","article-title":"Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of two Origanum species","volume":"49","author":"Aligiannis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-0020(03)00046-7","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of thyme and basil essential oils, carvacrol, thymol, estragol, linalool and p-cymene towards Shigella sonnei and S. flexneri","volume":"21","author":"Bagamboula","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2010.06.010","article-title":"Assessment of factors influencing antimicrobial activity of carvacrol and cymene against Vibrio cholera in food","volume":"110","author":"Rattanachaikunsopon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765x.2000.00712.x","article-title":"The outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 6749 contributes to its tolerance to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil)","volume":"30","author":"Mann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4484","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00340-07","article-title":"Carvacrol induces heat shock protein 60 and inhibits synthesis of flagellin in Escherichia coli O157:H7","volume":"73","author":"Burt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.59.2.201-222.1995","article-title":"Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons","volume":"59","author":"Sikkema","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1994.tb01661.x","article-title":"Factors that interact with the antibacterial action of thyme essential oil and its active constituents","volume":"76","author":"Juven","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200900568","article-title":"Changes in the proteome of Salmonella enterica serovar Thompson as stress adaptation to sub-lethal concentrations of thymol","volume":"10","author":"Mamone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-1050-8","article-title":"Fungicidal activity of thymol and carvacrol by disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity against Candida","volume":"30","author":"Ahmad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5062","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01050-10","article-title":"Mechanism of antifungal activity of terpenoid phenols resembles calcium stress and inhibition of the TOR pathway","volume":"54","author":"Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"145","article-title":"The investigation of antimicrobial activity of thyme and oregano essential oils","volume":"35","author":"MCetin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turk. J. Agric. For."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00165","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and carvacrol and synergy of carvacrol and erythromycin, against clinical, erythromycin-resistant Group A Streptococci","volume":"6","author":"Magi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1021\/jf052722l","article-title":"Changes in membrane fatty acids composition of microbial cells induced by addiction of thymol, carvacrol, limonene, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol in the growing media","volume":"54","author":"Hoskins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4863","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0636465","article-title":"Membrane toxicity of antimicrobial compounds from essential oils","volume":"55","author":"Betts","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2010.11.006","article-title":"Atomic force microscopy analysis shows surface structure changes in carvacrol- treated bacterial cells","volume":"162","author":"Ercolini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6042","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0495340","article-title":"Antibacterial activities of plant essential oils and their components against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in apple juice","volume":"52","author":"Friedman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-013-0354-1","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of essential oil components against potential food spoilage microorganisms","volume":"67","author":"Klein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva-Angulo, A.B., Zanini, S.F., Rosenthal, A., Rodrigo, D., Klein, G., and Mart\u00ednez, A. (2015). Comparative study of the effects of citral on the growth and injury of Listeria innocua and Listeria monocytogenes Cells. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114026"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s13562-016-0381-7","article-title":"Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and characterization of bioactive compounds from essential oil of Cinnamomum tamala grown in north-western Himalaya","volume":"26","author":"Heer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2012.692127","article-title":"Essential Oils as Natural Food Antimicrobial Agents: A Review","volume":"55","author":"Gokulakrishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1387","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of volatile phenyl propanes","volume":"5","author":"Pauli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2009.12.003","article-title":"Delivery systems for liquid food products","volume":"15","author":"Sagalowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2014.07.030","article-title":"Gelation characteristics of the sugar beet pectin solution charged with fish oil-loaded zein nanoparticles","volume":"43","author":"Soltani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2016.07.005","article-title":"Essential oil nanoemulsions as antimicrobial agents in food","volume":"233","author":"Ferrari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.01.033","article-title":"Encapsulation of Mentha piperita essential oils in chitosan\u2013cinnamic acid nanogel with enhanced antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus flavus","volume":"54","author":"Beykia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2014.07.012","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization and antimicrobial activity of foodgrade emulsions and nanoemulsions incorporating essential oils","volume":"43","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2014.12.001","article-title":"Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of nanoencapsulated Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil","volume":"6","author":"Herculano","year":"2015","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2014.12.011","article-title":"Nanoencapsulation of Zataria multiflora essential oil preparation and characterization with enhanced antifungal activity for controlling Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mould disease","volume":"28","author":"Hashemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.02.037","article-title":"Development of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) essential oil for antimicrobial and antioxidant delivery applications","volume":"70","author":"Feyzioglu","year":"2016","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.08.046","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of blended cloves\/cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsions","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2015.08.019","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil enhance the shelf life of cucumber during cold storage","volume":"110","author":"Mohammadia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2017.02.008","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of nanoemulsions containing essential oils and high methoxyl pectin during long-term storage","volume":"77","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/2228-5326-2-32","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles: Mechanism of antimicrobial action, synthesis, medical applications, and toxicity effects","volume":"2","author":"Prabhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2014.0068","article-title":"Three Phomaspp: Synthesized novel silver nanoparticles that possess excellent antimicrobial efficacy","volume":"9","author":"Rai","year":"2015","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2005.05.002","article-title":"Conduction electron spin resonance of small silver particles","volume":"63","author":"Danilcauk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"4721","article-title":"Synergistic action of cinnamaldehyde with silver nanoparticles against spore-forming bacteria: A case for judicious use of silver nanoparticles for antibacterial applications","volume":"8","author":"Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20001215)52:4<662::AID-JBM10>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"A mechanistic study of the antibacterial effect of silver ions on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"52","author":"Feng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4278","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.7.4278-4281.2003","article-title":"Mode of action of silver zeolite and its comparison with that of silver nitrate","volume":"16","author":"Matsumura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"234","article-title":"Nano and microparticles as controlled drug delivery devices","volume":"3","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.07.139","article-title":"Superior antibacterial activity of nanoemulsion of Thymus daenensis essential oil against E. coli","volume":"194","author":"Moghimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1","article-title":"Essential oils loaded in nanosystems: A developing strategy for a successful therapeutic approach","volume":"651593","author":"Bilia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.02.031","article-title":"Two-Step method for encapsulation of oregano essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization and in vitro release study","volume":"95","author":"Hosseini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.04.048","article-title":"Chitosan\/cashew gum nanogels for essential oil encapsulation","volume":"89","author":"Abreu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2011.07.001","article-title":"Design of nanoemulsion-based delivery systems of natural antimicrobials: Effect of the emulsifier","volume":"159","author":"Annunziata","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.10.160","article-title":"Effects of nisin on the antimicrobial activity of d-limonene and its nano-emulsion","volume":"150","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5039","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12085039","article-title":"Potential antibacterial activity of carvacrol- loaded poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles against microbial biofilm","volume":"12","author":"Iannitelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.559","article-title":"Combinations of antibiotics and non-antibiotic drugs enhance antimicrobial efficacy","volume":"7","author":"Ejim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2008.06.008","article-title":"Synergism between natural products and antibiotics against infectious diseases","volume":"15","author":"Hemaiswarya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2013.763219","article-title":"Synergy between essential oil components and antibiotics: A review","volume":"40","author":"Langeveld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"148","article-title":"Methods for testing the efficacy of food antimicrobials","volume":"43","author":"Davidson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Food Technol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg301","article-title":"Synergy, antagonism, and what the chequer board puts between them","volume":"52","author":"Odds","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2008.12.018","article-title":"Synergy research: Approaching a new generation of phytopharmaceuticals","volume":"16","author":"Wagnera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7825","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15117825","article-title":"Composition and antimicrobial activities of Lippia multi- flora Moldenke, Mentha piperita L. and Ocimum basilicum L. essential oils and their major monoterpene alcohols alone and in combination","volume":"15","author":"Bayala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"M95","article-title":"Bactericidal action of binary and ternary mixtures of carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol against Listeria innocua","volume":"76","author":"Palou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2011.08.002","article-title":"Synergistic action between fractions of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Thymus vulgaris against Penicillium expansum","volume":"23","author":"Nguefack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bag, A., and Chattopadhyay, R.R. (2015). Evaluation of Synergistic Antibacterial and Antioxidant Efficacy of Essential Oils of Spices and Herbs in Combination. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131321"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2015.08.006","article-title":"Evidence for synergistic activity of plant-derived essential oils against fungal pathogens of food","volume":"53","author":"Hossain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2014.02.011","article-title":"Antifungal activity of selected essential oils against fungi isolated from medicinal plant","volume":"55","author":"Stevic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.04.001","article-title":"Use of natural antimicrobials to increase antibiotic susceptibility of drug resistant bacteria","volume":"140","author":"Palaniappan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0817","article-title":"Synergistic effects and physiological responses of selected bacterial isolates from animal feed to four natural antibacterials and two antibiotics","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Borne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2011.02.005","article-title":"Synergistic effect between clove oil and its major compounds and antibiotics against oral bacteria","volume":"56","author":"Moon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710792231996","article-title":"In Vitro synergistic action of certain combinations of gentamicin and essential oils","volume":"17","author":"Rosato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2009.11.004","article-title":"Anti staphylococcal activity of Zataria multiflora essential oil and its synergy with vancomycin","volume":"17","author":"Mahboubi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2011.11.010","article-title":"Synergistic activity of coriander oil and conventional antibiotics against Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"19","author":"Duarte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.12.008","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils and their interactions with conventional antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"178","author":"Knezevic","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boonyanugomola, W., Kraisriwattanaa, K., Ruksereea, K., Boonsamb, K., and Narachai, P. (2017). In Vitro synergistic antibacterial activity of the essential oil from Zingiber cassumunar Roxb against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains. J. Infect. Public Health.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2017.01.008"}],"container-title":["Medicines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6320\/4\/3\/58\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:41:46Z","timestamp":1760208106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6320\/4\/3\/58"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["medicines4030058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicines4030058","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]]}}}