{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:05:48Z","timestamp":1778285148201,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,4]],"date-time":"2017-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) play a major role in the regulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)- and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-mediated pathways. Their inhibitors exhibit anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory and antithrombotic effects. Therefore, consumption of foods with PDE-inhibiting potential may possess beneficial influence on the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Methods: Four plant extracts (Arbutus unedo, Camellia sinensis, Cynara scolymus, Zingiber officinale) with promising ingredient profiles and physiological effects were tested for their ability to inhibit cAMP-specific PDE in vitro in a radioactive assay. Results: Strawberry tree fruit (Arbutus unedo) and tea (Camellia sinensis) extracts did not inhibit PDE markedly. Alternatively, artichoke (Cynara scolymus) extract had a significant inhibitory influence on PDE activity (IC50 = 0.9 \u00b1 0.1 mg\/mL) as well as its flavone luteolin (IC50 = 41 \u00b1 10 \u03bcM) and 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (IC50 &gt; 1.0 mM). Additionally, the ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract and one of its constituents, [6]-gingerol, significantly inhibited PDE (IC50 = 1.7 \u00b1 0.2 mg\/mL and IC50 &gt; 1.7 mM, respectively). Crude fractionation of ginger extract showed that substances responsible for PDE inhibition were in the lipoid fraction (IC50 = 455 \u00b1 19 \u03bcg\/mL). Conclusions: A PDE-inhibitory effect was shown for artichoke and ginger extract. Whether PDE inhibition in vivo can be achieved through ingestion of artichoke or ginger extracts leading to physiological effects concerning cardiovascular health should be addressed in future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines4040080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]],"date-time":"2017-11-06T11:39:38Z","timestamp":1509968378000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Inhibition of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Specific Phosphodiesterase by Various Food Plant-Derived Phytotherapeutic Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6468-2950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"R\u00f6hrig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Stra\u00dfe 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Pacjuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Stra\u00dfe 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Huguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Stra\u00dfe 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"K\u00f6rner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Stra\u00dfe 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Scherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Stra\u00dfe 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5746-8032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elke","family":"Richling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Stra\u00dfe 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"252","article-title":"Phosphodiesterase inhibitors","volume":"147","author":"Spina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. 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