{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T05:48:36Z","timestamp":1766382516948,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Since the introduction of glucocorticoids (GCs) in the physician\u2019s pharmacological arsenal, it has been known that they are a cause of behavioral or psychiatric adverse events (BPAE), as well as of cognitive problems. To the best of our knowledge, the relationship between these adverse events and GCs in older persons has never been evaluated, except through case-reports or series with few cases. In this paper, a review of the literature regarding BPAEs and cognitive disorders in older people treated with CSs is undertaken. Methods: A comprehensive literature search for BPAEs was carried out on the three main bibliographic databases: EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO (NICE HDAS interface). Emtree terms were: Steroid, steroid therapy, mental disease, mania, delirium, agitation, depression, behavior change, dementia, major cognitive impairment, elderly. The search was restricted to all clinical studies and case reports with focus on the aged (65+ years) published in any language since 1998. Results: Data on the prevalence of the various BPAEs in older patients treated with GCs were very scarse, consisting mainly of case reports and of series with small numbers of patients. It was hence not possible to perform any statistical evaluation of the data (including meta-analysis). Amongst BPAEs, he possibility that delirium can be induced by GCs has been recently been questioned. Co-morbidities and polypharmacy were additional risk factors for BPAEs in older persons. Conclusions: Data on BPAEs in older persons treated with GCs, have several unmet needs that need to be further evaluated with appropriately designed studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines5030082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T11:22:34Z","timestamp":1533122554000},"page":"82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Behavioral, Psychiatric, and Cognitive Adverse Events in Older Persons Treated with Glucocorticoids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4800-1817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciro","family":"Manzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatologic Outpatient Clinic and Geronthorheumatologic Service, 80065 Sant\u2019Agnello, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Cognitive Diseases and Dementias, 80038-ASL Napoli 3 Sud Pomigliano d\u2019Arco, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1935-7109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Serra-Mestres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London UB8 3NN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9136-2055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Castagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for cognitive diseases and dementias, Catanzaro lido, ASP Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Isetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Library and Knowledge services, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London UB8 3NN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Mood and cognitive changes during systemic corticosteroid therapy","volume":"3","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prim. 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