{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:16:04Z","timestamp":1790162164584,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]],"date-time":"2019-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The high incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in developing countries, the resurgence of TB in industrialized countries, and the worldwide increase in the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium complex infections are important global health concerns. However, the development of novel antimycobacterial drugs is currently making very slow progress. Therefore, it is considered that devising improved administration protocols for clinical treatment against intractable mycobacteriosis using existing chemotherapeutics is more practical than awaiting the development of new antimycobacterial drugs. The regulation of host immune responses using immunoadjunctive agents may increase the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment against mycobacteriosis. In particular, the mild and long-term up-regulation of host immune reactions against mycobacterial pathogens using herbal medicines may be beneficial for such immunoadjunctive therapy. This review focuses on the current status regarding basic and clinical studies on protocols using herbal medicines, including medicinal plants, useful for the clinical treatment of intractable mycobacterial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6020067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]],"date-time":"2019-06-19T10:43:32Z","timestamp":1560941012000},"page":"67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Clinical and Basic Studies on Therapeutic Efficacy of Herbal Medicines against Mycobacterial Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Haruaki","family":"Tomioka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Science for Nursing, Department of Primary Education, Yasuda Women\u2019s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2829-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutaka","family":"Tatano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara 324-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiaki","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Yasuda Women\u2019s University, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9796-5161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiaki","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine Management, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4047","DOI":"10.2174\/138161206778743646","article-title":"Current status of some antituberculosis drugs and the development of new antituberculous agents with special reference to their in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities","volume":"12","author":"Tomioka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. 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