{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T14:43:18Z","timestamp":1782398598540,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon Dioxide transoral laser microsurgery represents a reliable option for the treatment of early glottic carcinoma (Tis\u2013T2), with good functional and oncological outcomes, nowadays representing one of the main options in larynx preservation protocols. The development and improvement of laser devices means surgeons are able to use more precise instruments compared with classic cold dissection in laser-assisted phonosurgery. Secondary effects on voice, swallowing, or quality of life as well as complications have been well documented. Also, with the introduction of a new proposal for staging systems following the principle of the three-dimensional map of isoprognostic zones, the use of narrow-band imaging in clinical evaluation and intraoperative, and the implementation of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance during preoperative evaluation, the development of new tools to improve surgical quality and preliminary reports regarding the use of carbon dioxide laser in transoral robotic surgery suggests an exciting future for this technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines6030077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T11:07:28Z","timestamp":1563793648000},"page":"77","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["CO2 Transoral Laser Microsurgery in Benign, Premalignant and Malignant (Tis, T1, T2) Lesion of the Glottis. A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9454-9464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Miguel","family":"Chiesa-Estomba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head &amp; Neck surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 20014 San Sebastian\u2014Donostia, Spain"},{"name":"Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian\u2014Donostia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Angel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head &amp; Neck surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 20014 San Sebastian\u2014Donostia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekhi\u00f1e","family":"Larruscain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head &amp; Neck surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 20014 San Sebastian\u2014Donostia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3580-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Calvo-Henr\u00edquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Clinical Research in Medicine, International Center for Doctorate and Advanced Studies (CIEDUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1829-6597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Mayo-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research in Medicine, International Center for Doctorate and Advanced Studies (CIEDUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coru\u00f1a (CHUAC), 15006 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon A","family":"Sistiaga-Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otorhinolaryngology\u2014Head &amp; Neck surgery Department, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 20014 San Sebastian\u2014Donostia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E359","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012","volume":"136","author":"Ferlay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00231","article-title":"Vocal Fold Cancer Transoral Laser Microsurgery Following European Laryngological Society Laser Cordectomy Classification","volume":"8","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.20135","article-title":"CO2 laser surgery in the treatment of glottic cancer","volume":"27","author":"Motta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197212000-00009","article-title":"Laser surgery of the vocal cords. An experimental study with carbon dioxide lasers on dogs","volume":"12","author":"Jako","year":"1972","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1177\/000348947208100606","article-title":"Laser surgery in the larynx. Early clinical experience with continuous CO2 laser","volume":"81","author":"Strong","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197508000-00003","article-title":"Laser excision of carcinoma of the larynx","volume":"85","author":"Strong","year":"1975","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(78)90267-2","article-title":"Laryngeal carcinoma: Transoral treatment utilizing the CO2 laser","volume":"136","author":"Vaughan","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"551","article-title":"On microsurgical treatment of vocal cord carcinomas with CO2-laser","volume":"587","author":"Burian","year":"1979","journal-title":"Laryngol. Rhinol. Otologie"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1030","article-title":"Initial experiences with endolaryngeal CO2-laser surgery in circumscribed laryngeal cancer","volume":"101","author":"Grossenbacher","year":"1983","journal-title":"Fortschr. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Endoscopic laser surgery of the larynx","volume":"37","author":"Steiner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ther. Umsch."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198406000-00022","article-title":"CO2 laser in malignant lesions of the larynx","volume":"94","author":"Annyas","year":"1984","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5394.1679","article-title":"A dielectric omnidirection- al reflector","volume":"282","author":"Fink","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940611500708","article-title":"Carbon Dioxide Laser Fiber for Laryngeal Cancer Surgery","volume":"115","author":"Zeitels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s004050050228","article-title":"Endoscopic cordectomy. A proposal for a classification by the Working Committee, European Laryngological Society","volume":"257","author":"Remacle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-007-0279-z","article-title":"Proposal for revision of the European Laryngological Society classification of endoscopic cordectomies","volume":"264","author":"Remacle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-008-0901-8","article-title":"Endoscopic supraglottic laryngectomy: A proposal for a classification by the working committee on nomenclature, European Laryngological Society","volume":"266","author":"Remacle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-017-4708-3","article-title":"Laser-assisted surgery of the upper aero-digestive tract: A clarification of nomenclature. A consensus statement of the European Laryngological Society","volume":"274","author":"Remacle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-010-0834-5","article-title":"Transoral laser microsurgery for laryngeal cancer: A primer and review of laser dosimetry","volume":"26","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949710600701","article-title":"Reinke\u2019s edema: Phonatory mechanisms and management strategies","volume":"106","author":"Zeitels","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489950181800","article-title":"Fibroblasts in human vocal fold mucosa","volume":"119","author":"Hirano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-004-0746-8","article-title":"New computer-guided scanner for improving CO2 laser-assisted microincision","volume":"262","author":"Remacle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.134.8.848","article-title":"Treatment of congenital subglottic hemangiomas: Our experience compared with reports in the literature","volume":"134","author":"Saetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2004.09.136","article-title":"Management of congenital subglottic hemangioma: Trends and success over the past 17 years","volume":"132","author":"Bitar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9101(1998)23:4<221::AID-LSM5>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Laser treatment of hemangiomas of the larynx and trachea","volume":"23","author":"Cholewa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2015.05.007","article-title":"Management of subglottic hemangiomas with carbon dioxide laser: Our 25-year experience and comparison with the literature","volume":"79","author":"Fokouo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20164","article-title":"Subglottic hemangioma: A comparison of CO2 laser, Neodym-Yag laser, and tracheostomy","volume":"39","author":"Nicolai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-011-1695-7","article-title":"Glottic laser surgery: Outcomes according to 2007 ELS classification","volume":"268","author":"Lucioni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.23688","article-title":"Transoral laser microsurgery for T1a glottic cancer: Review of 404 cases","volume":"37","author":"Canis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.23389","article-title":"Transoral laser microsurgery in treatment of pT2 and pT3 glottic laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma\u2014Results of 391 patients","volume":"36","author":"Canis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1572430","article-title":"Transoral CO2 Laser Microsurgery Outcomes for Early Glottic Carcinomas T1-T2","volume":"20","author":"Reinoso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24080","article-title":"Transoral laser microsurgery for early glottic cancer as one-stage single-modality therapy","volume":"123","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215113001400","article-title":"Transoral laser surgery versus radiotherapy for tumour stage 1a or 1b glottic squamous cell carcinoma: Systematic review of local control outcomes","volume":"127","author":"Markey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199010000-00014","article-title":"Endoscopic laser surgery for early glottic carcinoma: A clinical and experimental study","volume":"100","author":"Wolfensberger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.129.6.623","article-title":"Transoral laser surgery for early glottic cancers","volume":"129","author":"Pradhan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"245","article-title":"Analysis of recurrences after transoral laser resection of larynx carcinomas","volume":"49","author":"Thumfart","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.133.9.882","article-title":"Importance of anterior commissure in recurrence of early glottic cancer after laser endoscopic resection","volume":"133","author":"Chone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940411301101","article-title":"Analysis of recurrences in 322 Tis, T1, or T2 glottic carcinomas treated by carbon dioxide laser","volume":"113","author":"Peretti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200408000-00031","article-title":"Impact of anterior commissure involvement on local control of early glottic carcinoma treated by laser microresection","volume":"114","author":"Steiner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00178101","article-title":"Endoscopic resections of glottic and supraglottic carcinomas with the CO2 laser","volume":"252","author":"Rudert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489402111S1202","article-title":"Voice and treatment outcome from phonosurgical management of early glottic cancer","volume":"190","author":"Zeitels","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.20993","article-title":"Endoscopic laser surgery of early glottic cancer: Involvement of the anterior commissure","volume":"31","author":"Rodel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24012","article-title":"Significance of anterior commissure involvement in early glottic squamous cell carcinoma treated with trans-oral CO2 laser microsurgery","volume":"123","author":"Hakeem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25757","article-title":"Early glottic cancer involving the anterior commissure treated by transoral laser cordectomy","volume":"126","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000240","article-title":"Reasonable limits for transoral laser microsurgery in laryngeal cancer","volume":"24","author":"Peretti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988609500215","article-title":"Coronal sections of larynges from radiation-therapy failures: A clinical-pathologic study","volume":"95","author":"Brandenburg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"503","article-title":"Intralaryngeal barriers to the spread of cancer","volume":"103","author":"Kirchner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-3368-9","article-title":"CO2 laser cordectomy for glottic squamous cell carcinoma involving the anterior commissure: Voice and oncologic outcomes","volume":"272","author":"Mendelsohn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197509000-00001","article-title":"Carcinoma of the subglottic area","volume":"85","author":"Sessions","year":"1975","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-007-0320-2","article-title":"Prognostic significance of surgical margins in transoral CO2 laser microsurgery for T1-T4 pharyngo-laryngeal cancers","volume":"264","author":"Blanch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.132.2.147","article-title":"Early-stage glottic cancer: Oncological results and margins in laser cordectomy","volume":"132","author":"Sigston","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000184524.23282.74","article-title":"Local recurrence after CO2 laser cordectomy for early glottic carcinoma","volume":"116","author":"Mortuaire","year":"2006","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-006-0233-5","article-title":"Laser surgery of T1a glottic carcinomas; significance of resection margins","volume":"264","author":"Brondbo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23875","article-title":"Frozen margin analysis as a prognosis predictor in early glottic cancer by laser cordectomy","volume":"123","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940711601107","article-title":"Treatment of early-stage glottic cancer by transoral laser resection","volume":"116","author":"Hartl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2009.01994.x","article-title":"Implications of positive margins or incomplete excision in laryngeal cancer treated by transoral laser microsurgery: How we do it","volume":"34","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2011.05.006","article-title":"Prognostic value of the status of resection margins after endoscopic laser cordectomy for T1a glottic carcinoma","volume":"128","author":"Michel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Ann. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480500316985","article-title":"Role of margin status in recurrence after CO2 laser endoscopic resection of early glottic cancer","volume":"126","author":"Crespo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2009.10","article-title":"Laser surgery for early glottic cancer: Impact of margin status on local control and organ preservation","volume":"135","author":"Ansarin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2007.08.001","article-title":"Conservative laser microsurgery for T1 glottic carcinoma","volume":"35","author":"Manola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-018-5070-9","article-title":"Evaluation of surgical margin status in patients with early glottic cancer (Tis-T2) treated with transoral CO2 laser microsurgery, on local control","volume":"275","author":"Hendriksma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-2966-x","article-title":"European Laryngological Society: ELS recommendations for the follow-up of patients treated for laryngeal cancer","volume":"271","author":"Simo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2009.07.004","article-title":"Repeated transoral laser microsurgery for early and advanced recurrence of early glottic cancer after primary laser resection","volume":"37","author":"Roedel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489.2012.734929","article-title":"Salvage transoral laser microsurgery for early recurrent glottic carcinoma after primary laser treatment","volume":"133","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"237","article-title":"Functional results following partial supraglottic resection","volume":"49","author":"Werner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.23348","article-title":"Quality of life after transoral laser micro- resection of laryngeal cancer: A longitudinal study","volume":"108","author":"Vilaseca","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-012-1947-1","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of voice outcome during the first two years in male patients treated by radiotherapy or laser surgery for T1a glottic carcinoma","volume":"269","author":"Mahieu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-013-2460-x","article-title":"Evaluation of lasersurgery and radiotherapy as treatment modalities in early stage laryngeal carcinoma: Tumour outcome and quality of voice","volume":"270","author":"Remmelts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599815577103","article-title":"Voice outcomes following radiation versus laser microsurgery for T1 glottic carcinoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"152","author":"Greulich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-864","article-title":"Functional outcomes of supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma treated by transoral laser microsurgery compared with horizontal supraglottic laryngectomy in patients younger and older than 65 years","volume":"36","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.10363","article-title":"Predictive values for aspiration after endoscopic laser resections of malignant tumors of the hypopharynx and larynx","volume":"26","year":"2004","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-3030-6","article-title":"Prognostic factors of quality of life after transoral laser microsurgery for laryngeal cancer","volume":"272","author":"Vilaseca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24471","article-title":"Long-term quality of life after transoral laser microsurgery for laryngeal carcinoma","volume":"114","author":"Ortega","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.10207","article-title":"Complications in transoral CO2 laser surgery for carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx","volume":"25","year":"2003","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Steiner, W., and Ambrosch, P. (2000). Complications. Endoscopic Laser Surgery of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract, Georg Thieme Verlag."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-010-1284-1","article-title":"Transoral CO2 laser microsurgery for Tis-T3 supraglottic squamous cell carcinomas","volume":"267","author":"Peretti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2009.06.088","article-title":"Endoscopic partial supraglottic laryngectomies: Techniques and results","volume":"141","author":"Remacle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-012-2327-6","article-title":"Results of transoral laser microsurgery for supraglottic carcinoma in 277 patients","volume":"270","author":"Canis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"1373","article-title":"Complications of endoscopic CO2 laser surgery for laryngeal cancer and concepts of their management","volume":"37","author":"Prgomet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Coll. Antropol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2006.08.008","article-title":"Peri-and postoperative complications after laser surgery of tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract","volume":"28","author":"Ellies","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1569145","article-title":"Complications in CO2 Laser Transoral Microsurgery for Larynx Carcinomas","volume":"20","author":"Reinoso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949210100202","article-title":"Laser surgery for the treatment of larynx carcinomas: Indications, techniques, and preliminary results","volume":"101","author":"Eckel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-013-2461-9","article-title":"Function preservation using transoral laser surgery for T2-T3 glottic cancer: Oncologic, vocal, and swallowing outcomes","volume":"270","author":"Peretti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2015.04.007","article-title":"Contemporary surgical management of early glottic cancer","volume":"48","author":"Hartl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"79","article-title":"Utilizaci\u00f3n del l\u00e1ser diodo en la v\u00eda a\u00e9rea pedi\u00e1trica","volume":"21","author":"Fanjul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cir. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21288","article-title":"Transoral laser microsurgery for T3 laryngeal tumors: Prognostic factors","volume":"32","author":"Vilaseca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e328344b3ed","article-title":"\u2018Biologic endoscopy\u2019: Optimization of upper aerodigestive tract cancer evaluation","volume":"19","author":"Piazza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"49","article-title":"Narrow-band imaging: A new tool for evaluation of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Piazza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2010.01.020","article-title":"Narrow band imaging and high definition television in evaluation of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer: A prospective study","volume":"46","author":"Piazza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489414556082","article-title":"Intraoperative narrow band imaging better delineates superficial resection margins during transoral laser microsurgery for early glottic cancer","volume":"124","author":"Garofolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2015.04.012","article-title":"Transoral and transcervical surgical innovations in the treatment of glottic cancer","volume":"48","author":"Zeitels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599814521775","article-title":"Comparison of early oncological results of diode laser surgery with radiotherapy for early glottic carcinoma","volume":"150","author":"Comert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2007.02.041","article-title":"Office-based laryngeal laser surgery: A review of 443 cases using three wavelengths","volume":"137","author":"Koufman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26445","article-title":"Serial in-office laser treatment of vocal fold leukoplakia: Disease control and voice outcomes","volume":"127","author":"Koss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00216","article-title":"Improvements in High Resolution Laryngeal Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Preoperative Transoral Laser Microsurgery and Radiotherapy Considerations in Early Lesions","volume":"8","author":"Ruytenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00175","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Map of Isoprognostic Zones in Glottic Cancer Treated by Transoral Laser Microsurgery as a Unimodal Treatment Strategy","volume":"8","author":"Piazza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-011-1838-x","article-title":"Combining a new CO2 laser wave guide with transoral robotic surgery: A feasibility study on four patients with malignant tumors","volume":"269","author":"Remacle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23994","article-title":"Transoral robotic surgery for the treatment of T1-T2 carcinoma of the larynx: Preliminary study","volume":"123","author":"Lallemant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-018-1887-3","article-title":"A robotic microsurgical forceps for transoral laser microsurgery","volume":"14","author":"Chauhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473974X18773327","DOI":"10.1177\/2473974X18773327","article-title":"Design and Study of a Next-Generation Computer-Assisted System for Transoral Laser Microsurgery","volume":"2","author":"Deshpande","year":"2018","journal-title":"OTO Open"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24803","article-title":"Preoperative clinical predictors of difficult laryngeal exposure for microlaryngoscopy: The Laryngoscore","volume":"124","author":"Piazza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"}],"container-title":["Medicines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6320\/6\/3\/77\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:08:12Z","timestamp":1760188092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6320\/6\/3\/77"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["medicines6030077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicines6030077","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]]}}}