{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T13:44:10Z","timestamp":1791812650634,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Granuloma annulare (GA) is a cutaneous granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology. There are conflicting data on the association between GA and multiple systemic conditions. As a result, we aimed to clarify the reported associations between GA and systemic conditions. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional, case-control study was performed in which the medical records of biopsy-confirmed GA patients \u226518 years of age, who presented to the Johns Hopkins Hospital System between 1 January 2009 and 1 June 2019, were reviewed. GA patients were compared to controls matched for age, race, and sex. Results: After adjusting for confounders, GA patients (n = 82) had higher odds of concurrent type II diabetes (odds ratio (OR) = 5.27; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.73\u201316.07; p &lt; 0.01), non-migraine headache (OR = 8.70; 95% CI, 1.61\u201346.88; p = 0.01), and a positive smoking history (OR = 1.93; 95% CI, 1.10\u20133.38; p = 0.02) compared to controls (n = 164). Among GA patients, women were more likely to have ophthalmic conditions (p = 0.04), and men were more likely to have cardiovascular disease (p &lt; 0.01) and type II diabetes (p = 0.05). No differences in systemic condition associations were observed among GA subtypes. Conclusions: Our results support the reported association between GA and type II diabetes. Furthermore, our findings indicate that GA may be associated with cigarette smoking and non-migraine headache disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines7090053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T09:17:08Z","timestamp":1598606228000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comorbidities Associated with Granuloma Annulare: A Cross-Sectional, Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8625-0083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Almazan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1755-2146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youkyung S.","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micah","family":"Belzberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3212-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline X.","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishadh","family":"Sutaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8079-0011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Kaffenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yevgeniy R.","family":"Semenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihad","family":"Alhariri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3736-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shawn G.","family":"Kwatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S129187","article-title":"Granuloma annulare: Relationship to diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders and tuberculin skin test","volume":"10","author":"Alirezaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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