{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:38:02Z","timestamp":1790617082424,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In cardiac surgery, patients are at risk of phrenic nerve injury, which leads to diaphragm dysfunction and acute respiratory failure. Diaphragm dysfunction (DD) is relatively frequent in cardiac surgery and particularly affects patients after coronary artery bypass graft. The onset of DD affects patients\u2019 prognosis in term of weaning from mechanical ventilation and hospital length of stay. The authors present a narrative review about diaphragm physiology, techniques used to assess diaphragm function, and the clinical application of diaphragm ultrasound in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines9010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T20:33:04Z","timestamp":1641933184000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Diaphragm Ultrasound in Cardiac Surgery: State of the Art"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Abdallah","family":"Fayssoil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Echo Lab, CHU de Raymond-Poincar\u00e9, AP-HP, Boulevard Raymond Poincar\u00e9, 92380 Garches, France"},{"name":"INSERM U1179, END-ICAP, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles-Saint Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France"},{"name":"Raymond Poincar\u00e9 Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard Raymond Poincar\u00e9, 92380 Garches, France"},{"name":"Centre de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Cardiomyopathies et des Troubles du Rythme Cardiaque H\u00e9r\u00e9ditaires ou Rares, Department of Cardiology, Ambroise Par\u00e9 Hospital, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles-Saint Quentin, 92100 Boulogne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5500-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Mansencal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Cardiomyopathies et des Troubles du Rythme Cardiaque H\u00e9r\u00e9ditaires ou Rares, Department of Cardiology, Ambroise Par\u00e9 Hospital, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles-Saint Quentin, 92100 Boulogne, France"},{"name":"INSERM U-1018, CESP, \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie Clinique, 94807 Villejuif, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6014-6269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee S.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de M\u00e9decine Intensive-R\u00e9animation, H\u00f4pital Cochin, AP-HP, Centre, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France"},{"name":"France Research and Innovation Department, CMC Ambroise Par\u00e9, RICAP, 27 bd Victor Hugo, 92200 Neuilly-sur-Seine, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Orlikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de R\u00e9animation M\u00e9dicale, CHU Raymond Poincar\u00e9, AP-HP, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 92380 Garches, France"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique et Innovation Technologique CIC 14.29, INSERM, 92380 Garches, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Prigent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1179, END-ICAP, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles-Saint Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France"},{"name":"Raymond Poincar\u00e9 Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard Raymond Poincar\u00e9, 92380 Garches, France"},{"name":"Service de Physiologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles, GH Paris Ile de France Ouest\u2014Site Raymond Poincar\u00e9\u2014AP-HP, 92380 Garches, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Bergounioux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology and ICU, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pital Raymond-Poincar\u00e9, 92380 Garches, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djillali","family":"Annane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Infection and Inflammation, Department of Critical Care, Raymond Poincar\u00e9 Hospital (AP-HP), U1173, Faculty of Health Science Simone Veil, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles-Saint Quentin, University Paris Saclay, INSERM, FHU SEPSIS, RHU RECORDS, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Lofaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1179, END-ICAP, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles-Saint Quentin, University of Paris-Saclay, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France"},{"name":"Raymond Poincar\u00e9 Hospital, AP-HP, Boulevard Raymond Poincar\u00e9, 92380 Garches, France"},{"name":"Service de Physiologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles, GH Paris Ile de France Ouest\u2014Site Raymond Poincar\u00e9\u2014AP-HP, 92380 Garches, 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