{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:25:30Z","timestamp":1791617130260,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study is to present a narrative review of the properties of materials currently used for orbital floor reconstruction. Orbital floor fractures, due to their complex anatomy, physiology, and aesthetic concerns, pose complexities regarding management. Since the 1950s, a myriad of materials has been used to reconstruct orbital floor fractures. This narrative review synthesises the findings of literature retrieved from search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. This narrative review was conducted of 66 studies on reconstructive materials. Ideal material properties are that they are resorbable, osteoconductive, resistant to infection, minimally reactive, do not induce capsule formation, allow for bony ingrowth, are cheap, and readily available. Autologous implants provide reliable, lifelong, and biocompatible material choices. Allogenic materials pose a threat of catastrophic disease transmission. Newer alloplastic materials have gained popularity. Consideration must be made when deliberating the use of permanent alloplastic materials that are a foreign body with potential body interactions, or the use of resorbable alloplastic materials failing to provide adequate support for orbital contents. It is vital that surgeons have an appropriate knowledge of materials so that they are used appropriately and reduce the risks of complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines9010006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T03:14:03Z","timestamp":1642130043000},"page":"6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The Dilemma of Reconstructive Material Choice for Orbital Floor Fracture: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1553-5900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akash","family":"Sivam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Enninghorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"},{"name":"Royal Newcastle Centre, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW 2310, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1673.1996.tb00400.x","article-title":"Imaging of orbital floor fractures","volume":"40","author":"Ng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Australas. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"197","article-title":"Blowout fracture of the orbit: Mechanism and correction of internal orbital fracture","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"McCord, C.D., Tanenbaum, M., and Nunery, W. (1995). Acute Orbital Trauma: Diagnosis and Treatment. Oculoplastic Surgery, Raven Press."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"208","article-title":"\u00c9tude exp\u00e9rimentale sur les fractures de la machoire sup\u00e9rieure","volume":"23","year":"1901","journal-title":"Rev. Chir. Paris"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31821cc317","article-title":"Analysis of complications after surgical repair of orbital fractures","volume":"22","author":"Brucoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e31820b3c7a","article-title":"Orbital floor fractures: Outcomes of reconstruction","volume":"66","author":"Kirby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1085305","article-title":"Management of complex orbital fractures","volume":"14","author":"Patel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-195703000-00008","article-title":"Management of the orbit in facial fractures","volume":"19","author":"McCoy","year":"1957","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1967.00980030362019","article-title":"The Use of Processed Bovine Bone in Orbital Floor Fractures","volume":"78","author":"Patterson","year":"1967","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(72)90204-6","article-title":"The repair of fractures of the orbital floor using biodegradable polylactic acid","volume":"33","author":"Cutright","year":"1972","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601711010546","article-title":"Facial and Orbital Fractures: A Fifteen Years Retrospective Evaluation of North East Sicily Treated Patients","volume":"11","author":"Runci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200310000-00002","article-title":"Clinical recommendations for repair of orbital facial fractures","volume":"14","author":"Burnstine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"593","article-title":"Clinical considerations in the management of orbital blow-out fractures","volume":"18","author":"Levin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Dent."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(91)90048-K","article-title":"Management of blow-out fractures of the orbital floor","volume":"35","author":"Dutton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000000511","article-title":"Outcomes of Orbital Blow-Out Fracture Repair Performed Beyond 6 Weeks After Injury","volume":"32","author":"Scawn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200208000-00006","article-title":"Endoscopic transnasal approach for the treatment of medial orbital blow-out fracture: A technique for controlling the fractured wall with a balloon catheter and Merocel","volume":"110","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-015-0096-3","article-title":"Orbital floor fractures\u2014Short- and intermediate-term complications depending on treatment procedures","volume":"12","author":"Holtmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57s","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000260752.20481.b4","article-title":"Comprehensive management of orbital fractures","volume":"120","author":"Cole","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2001.27524","article-title":"Repair of orbital floor fractures with bioactive glass implants","volume":"59","author":"Aitasalo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.03.010","article-title":"A comparative study of 2 implants used to repair inferior orbital wall bony defects: Autogenous bone graft versus bioresorbable poly-L\/DL-Lactide [P(L\/DL)LA 70\/30] plate","volume":"64","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2005.09.013","article-title":"Bioresorbable poly-L\/DL-lactide (P[L\/DL]LA 70\/30) plates are reliable for repairing large inferior orbital wall bony defects: A pilot study","volume":"64","author":"Lindqvist","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198608000-00003","article-title":"Long-term stability of Teflon orbital implants","volume":"78","author":"Aronowitz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2009.06.011","article-title":"Treatment of orbital floor fracture using a periosteum-polymer complex","volume":"38","author":"Asamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"109","article-title":"Interest of lactic acid polymer implants in the repair of traumatic loss of substance from the orbit floor","volume":"102","author":"Balogh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Stomatol. Chir. Maxillofac."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1054\/ijom.2001.0219","article-title":"Orbital floor reconstruction with an alloplastic resorbable polydioxanone sheet","volume":"31","author":"Baumann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198206000-00006","article-title":"Use of auricular cartilage in orbital floor reconstruction","volume":"69","author":"Constantian","year":"1982","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(96)90292-X","article-title":"Poly(L-lactide) implants for repair of human orbital floor defects: Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of long-term results","volume":"54","author":"Cordewener","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"538","article-title":"Comparison of post-operative outcomes of graft materials used in reconstruction of blow-out fractures","volume":"26","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2003.50085","article-title":"Assessment of internal orbital reconstructions for pure blowout fractures: Cranial bone grafts versus titanium mesh","volume":"61","author":"Ellis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1366","article-title":"Reconstruction of orbital fractures with dehydrated human dura mater","volume":"58","author":"Guerra","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e3181999df3","article-title":"Reconstruction of orbital floor fractures: Comparison of individual prefabricated titanium implants and calvarial bone grafts","volume":"63","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200105000-00009","article-title":"Resorbable mesh in the treatment of orbital floor fractures","volume":"12","author":"Hollier","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200207000-00006","article-title":"Alloplastic template fixation of blow-out fracture","volume":"13","author":"Hwang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(05)80712-X","article-title":"Reconstruction of orbital floor with polydioxanone plate","volume":"20","author":"Iizuka","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"229","article-title":"Reconstruction of orbital floor fractures using bioactive glass","volume":"28","author":"Kinnunen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1076\/orbi.21.2.149.7190","article-title":"The wayward implant: Orbital silicone plate extrusion associated with squamous epithelial downgrowth and infection","volume":"21","author":"Klisovic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1054\/ijom.2001.0067","article-title":"Effectiveness of operative treatment of internal orbital wall fracture with polydioxanone implant","volume":"30","author":"Kontio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000244519.26368.4c","article-title":"Reconstruction of internal orbital wall fracture with iliac crest free bone graft: Clinical, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging follow-up study","volume":"118","author":"Kontio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2001.28265","article-title":"Repair of traumatic inferior orbital wall defects with nasoseptal cartilage","volume":"59","author":"Kraus","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-199805000-00004","article-title":"Repair of orbital blow-out fractures with nasoseptal cartilage","volume":"108","author":"Lai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3181929b6e","article-title":"Orbital adherence syndrome secondary to titanium implant material","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1001\/archfaci.2010.91","article-title":"Repair of orbital floor fractures using bioresorbable poly-L\/DL-lactide plates","volume":"12","author":"Lieger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-196509000-00005","article-title":"Further observations on the use of silicones in the management of orbital fractures","volume":"5","author":"Lipshutz","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"4700","article-title":"Orbital floor repair using Medpor porous polyethylene implants","volume":"45","author":"Lupi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/00002341-199309000-00004","article-title":"Use of Vicryl (polyglactin-910) mesh implant for repair of orbital floor fracture causing diplopia: A study of 28 patients over 5 years","volume":"9","author":"Mauriello","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198701000-00006","article-title":"The use of Teflon in orbital floor reconstruction following blunt facial trauma: A 20-year experience","volume":"79","author":"Polley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-199307000-00007","article-title":"Use of Medpor porous polyethylene implants in 140 patients with facial fractures","volume":"4","author":"Romano","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199710000-00043","article-title":"Complications and toxicities of implantable biomaterials used in facial reconstructive and aesthetic surgery: A comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"100","author":"Rubin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(86)90163-1","article-title":"Late reaction to silicone following reconstruction of an orbital floor fracture","volume":"44","author":"Sewall","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(05)80780-5","article-title":"Titanium mesh in orbital wall reconstruction","volume":"21","author":"Sugar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(88)90180-2","article-title":"Orbital floor reconstruction with lyophilized dura","volume":"46","author":"Waite","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.12.022","article-title":"Orbital floor reconstruction: A retrospective study of 21 cases","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-309330","article-title":"Use of bioresorbable implants for orbital fracture reconstruction","volume":"101","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2011.02.048","article-title":"Traumatic orbital floor fractures: Repair with autogenous bone grafts in a tertiary trauma center","volume":"70","author":"Zunz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2004.04.018","article-title":"Biomaterials for reconstruction of the internal orbit","volume":"62","author":"Potter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/229255030401200302","article-title":"A Review of Materials Currently Used in Orbital Floor Reconstruction","volume":"12","author":"Mok","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"684","article-title":"The use of alloplastics in 45 cases of orbital floor reconstruction","volume":"60","author":"Rowning","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820080503","article-title":"The foreign body reaction: A chronic inflammatory response","volume":"8","author":"Coleman","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1968.tb20278.x","article-title":"Some physical factors affecting the acceptance of synthetic materials as tissue implants","volume":"146","author":"Davila","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)66549-6","article-title":"Prostheses and living tissues","volume":"2","author":"Davila","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196009000-00002","article-title":"Study and use of synthetic materials such as silicone and Teflon as subcutaneous prostheses","volume":"26","author":"Brown","year":"1960","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1226(63)80153-8","article-title":"The use of inert plastic material in reconstructive surgery. I. A biological test for tissue acceptance. II. Tissue reactions to commonly used materials","volume":"16","author":"Calnan","year":"1963","journal-title":"Br. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2273.1998.00133.x","article-title":"Biomaterials in rhinoplasty","volume":"23","author":"Vuyk","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol. Allied Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196701000-00002","article-title":"Orbital blowout fractures: A ten-year survey","volume":"39","author":"Converse","year":"1967","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.124.12.1398","article-title":"Selection of materials for orbital floor reconstruction","volume":"124","author":"Chowdhury","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199905000-00023","article-title":"In situ splitting of a rib graft for reconstruction of the orbital floor","volume":"103","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200302000-00099","article-title":"A simple method of harvesting a thin iliac bone graft for reconstruction of the orbital wall","volume":"111","author":"Kakibuchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199808000-00001","article-title":"Volume maintenance of onlay bone grafts in the craniofacial skeleton: Micro-architecture versus embryologic origin","volume":"102","author":"Ozaki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199012000-00009","article-title":"Rigid fixation of internal orbital fractures","volume":"86","author":"Glassman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199304001-00003","article-title":"Bone-graft reconstruction of the monkey orbital floor with iliac grafts and titanium mesh plates: A histometric study","volume":"91","author":"Sullivan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2012.10.029","article-title":"Biomaterials for repair of orbital floor blowout fractures: A systematic review","volume":"71","author":"Gunarajah","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199009000-00010","article-title":"The effect of rigid fixation on the survival of onlay bone grafts: An experimental study","volume":"86","author":"Lin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199006000-00009","article-title":"Fixation effects on membranous and endochondral onlay bone graft revascularization and bone deposition","volume":"85","author":"Phillips","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199010000-00029","article-title":"Intracerebral hematoma complicating split calvarial bone-graft harvesting","volume":"86","author":"Young","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"81","article-title":"Experience with various procedures in the treatment of orbital floor fractures","volume":"9","author":"Malinger","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"190","article-title":"Oculoplastic uses of cranial bone grafts","volume":"24","author":"Goldberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(98)90040-4","article-title":"Not seeing eye-to-eye about septal grafts for orbital fractures","volume":"56","author":"Werther","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)30628-3","article-title":"The healing of bone and cartilage","volume":"17","author":"Motoki","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"445","article-title":"Bovine heterologous bone graft in orbital surgery","volume":"38","author":"Morax","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Chir. Plast. Esth\u00e9tique"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/00002341-199606000-00005","article-title":"Use of demineralized bone implants in orbital and craniofacial reconstruction and a review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Neigel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"517","article-title":"Sterilization of HIV with irradiation: Relevance to infected bone allografts","volume":"69","author":"Campbell","year":"1999","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679808999255","article-title":"Bone bank service in Finland. Experience of bacteriologic, serologic and clinical results of the Turku Bone Bank 1972\u20131995","volume":"69","author":"Aho","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.1.218","article-title":"Relative risk of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with cadaveric dura transplantation in Japan","volume":"53","author":"Nakamura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2001.23683","article-title":"Human dura mater and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"59","author":"Guerra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"9","article-title":"Orbital floor repair with titanium mesh screen","volume":"5","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1022","article-title":"Incorporation of titanium mesh in orbital and midface reconstruction","volume":"110","author":"Schubert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199107000-00006","article-title":"Reconstruction of internal orbital fractures with Vitallium mesh","volume":"88","author":"Sargent","year":"1991","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(86)90158-8","article-title":"Late posttraumatic enophthalmos corrected by dense hydroxylapatite blocks","volume":"44","author":"Zide","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199404000-00032","article-title":"Hemorrhagic cyst of the orbit as a long-term complication of prosthetic orbital floor implant","volume":"93","author":"Marks","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(92)31760-9","article-title":"Complications associated with alloplastic implants used in orbital fracture repair","volume":"99","author":"Jordan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"96","article-title":"Complications of silastic implants used in orbital repair","volume":"98","author":"Laxenaire","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Stomatol. Chir. Maxillofac."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0267-6605(94)90014-0","article-title":"The response of cultured bone cells to resorbable polyglycolic acid and silicone membranes for use in orbital floor fracture repair","volume":"17","author":"Hatton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Mater."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s100060000254","article-title":"Rekonstruktion der Orbita mit Polylaktat-Implantaten: Tierexperimentelle Ergebnisse nach 12 Monaten und klinischer Ausblick","volume":"5","author":"Adolphs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir."}],"container-title":["Medicines"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6320\/9\/1\/6\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:27:16Z","timestamp":1760362036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2305-6320\/9\/1\/6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["medicines9010006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicines9010006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2305-6320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2305-6320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]}}}