{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T01:54:52Z","timestamp":1781920492988,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicines"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurogenic dysphagia is a difficulty in swallowing food caused by disease or impairment of the nervous system, including stroke and traumatic brain injury. The most clinically apparent complication of neurogenic dysphagia is pulmonary aspiration, which may manifest itself acutely as choking or coughing, respiratory distress, wheezing, gasping or gurgling, and tachycardia. However, chronic symptoms, including weight loss, production of excessive oral secretions and aspiration pneumonia, may be also present, especially in patients with a disorder of consciousness (DOC). Usually, patients with dysphagia after the acute phase need to be treated with enteral nutrition using a feeding tube. This avoids patient malnutrition and supports the rehabilitation program. This narrative review aims to investigate dysphagia and its complications and management in patients with DOC. Clinical indications and practical advice on how to assess and treat this complex problem are also provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines9020016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T20:47:45Z","timestamp":1645476465000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Neurogenic Dysphagia and Nutrition in Disorder of Consciousness: An Overview with Practical Advices on an \u201cOld\u201d but Still Actual Clinical Problem"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0564-2320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana","family":"Raciti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GCA-Centro Spoke AO Cannizzaro, Catania, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 95122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Raciti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GCA-Centro Spoke AO Cannizzaro, Catania, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, 95122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grazia","family":"Pulejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino Pulejo\u201d, 98123 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Conti-Nibali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino Pulejo\u201d, 98123 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocco Salvatore","family":"Calabr\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi \u201cBonino Pulejo\u201d, 98123 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2072-x","article-title":"Neural correlates of consciousness: What we know and what we have to learn!","volume":"36","author":"Cacciola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. 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