{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:23:28Z","timestamp":1787617408386,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Associazione Italiana Vulvodinia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vestibulodynia (VBD) is the most common form of vulvodynia. Because VBD is a pain disorder, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) can be used as treatment. This study aims to evaluate the effects of two-parameter combinations (frequency and pulse duration) of TENS in reducing pain intensity and dyspareunia in VBD. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial was conducted to study the effect of two different electrical stimulation treatment regimens on women with VBD receiving domiciliary TENS. Outcomes were the mean change from baseline at 60 and 120 days of burning\/pain and dyspareunia (VAS), Vulvar Pain Functional Questionnaire (V-Q), Female Sexual Functioning Index (FSFI) and vaginal electromyography measurements. Results: A total of 78 subjects, 39 in each group, completed the trial. Patients in Groups 1 and 2 received a mean of 46.9 and 48.4 TENS sessions. By day 120, there was a 38.2% reduction in the burning\/pain and a 52.1% reduction in the dyspareunia VAS scores in Group 1, as compared to 21.3% (p = 0.003) and 23.1% in Group 2 (p = 0.01), respectively. FSFI, V-Q, and muscle-strength measures also improved but were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Our findings showed the potential of TENS in the treatment of VBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci11030048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]],"date-time":"2023-08-02T11:17:17Z","timestamp":1690975037000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effectiveness of Two Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Protocols in Women with Provoked Vestibulodynia: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Filippo","family":"Murina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Genital Tract Disease Unit, V. Buzzi Hospital\u2013University of the Study of Milan, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Recalcati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Genital Tract Disease Unit, V. Buzzi Hospital\u2013University of the Study of Milan, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Di Francesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Genital Tract Disease Unit, V. Buzzi Hospital\u2013University of the Study of Milan, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Cetin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Genital Tract Disease Unit, V. Buzzi Hospital\u2013University of the Study of Milan, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.02.167","article-title":"2015 ISSVD, ISSWSH, and IPPS consensus terminology and classification of persistent vulvar pain and vulvodynia","volume":"13","author":"Bornstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"82","article-title":"A population-based assessment of chronic unexplained vulvar pain: Have we underestimated the prevalence of vulvodynia?","volume":"58","author":"Harlow","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. 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