{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:20:34Z","timestamp":1791922834169,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Padjadjaran University via the Directorate of Research and Community Engagement"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the world\u2019s most common metabolic disease. The development of T2DM is mainly caused by a combination of two factors: the failure of insulin secretion by the pancreatic \u03b2-cells and the inability of insulin-sensitive tissues to respond to insulin (insulin resistance); therefore, the disease is indicated by a chronic increase in blood glucose. T2DM patients can be treated with mono- or combined therapy using oral antidiabetic drugs and insulin-replaced agents; however, the medication often leads to various discomforts, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, nausea and vomiting, and hypersensitivity reactions. A biguanide drug, metformin, has been used as a first-line drug to reduce blood sugar levels. Sulfonylureas work by blocking the ATP-sensitive potassium channel, directly inducing the release of insulin from pancreatic \u03b2-cells and thus decreasing blood glucose concentrations. However, the risk of the failure of sulfonylurea as a monotherapy agent is greater than that of metformin or rosiglitazone (a thiazolidinedione drug). Sulfonylureas are used as the first-line drug of choice for DM patients who cannot tolerate metformin therapy. Other antidiabetic drugs, thiazolidinediones, work by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR\u03b3), decreasing the IR level, and increasing the response of \u03b2-cells towards the glucose level. However, thiazolidines may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, weight gain, water retention, and edema. This review article aims to discuss case reports on the use of metformin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones in DM patients. The literature search was conducted on the PubMed database using the keywords \u2018metformin OR sulfonylureas OR thiazolidinediones AND case reports\u2019, filtered to \u2018free full text\u2019, \u2018case reports\u2019, and \u201810 years publication date\u2019. In some patients, metformin may affect sleep quality and, in rare cases, leads to the occurrence of lactate acidosis; thus, patients taking this drug should be monitored for their kidney status, plasma pH, and plasma metformin level. Sulfonylureas and TZDs may cause a higher risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain or edema due to fluid retention. TZDs may be associated with risks of cardiovascular events in patients with concomitant T2DM and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Therefore, patients taking these drugs should be closely monitored for adverse effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci11030050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T11:09:44Z","timestamp":1692097784000},"page":"50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Review of the Case Reports on Metformin, Sulfonylurea, and Thiazolidinedione Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Elis","family":"Susilawati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Bhakti Kencana University, Bandung 40614, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4578-4174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jutti","family":"Levita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmiwar","family":"Susilawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sri Adi","family":"Sumiwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2014.07.014","article-title":"Cortical thinning in type 2 diabetes mellitus and recovering effects of insulin therapy","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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