{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:54:34Z","timestamp":1792450474414,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Elsbeth Boshoff Stiftung"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoporosis, a skeletal disorder, is expected to affect 60% of women aged over 50 years. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, the current gold standard, are typically used post-fracture, highlighting the need for early detection tools. Panoramic radiographs (PRs), common in annual dental evaluations, have been explored for osteoporosis detection using deep learning, but methodological flaws have cast doubt on otherwise optimistic results. This study aims to develop a robust artificial intelligence (AI) application for accurate osteoporosis identification in PRs, contributing to early and reliable diagnostics. A total of 250 PRs from three groups (A: osteoporosis group, B: non-osteoporosis group matching A in age and gender, C: non-osteoporosis group differing from A in age and gender) were cropped to the mental foramen region. A pretrained convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier was used for training, testing, and validation with a random split of the dataset into subsets (A vs. B, A vs. C). Detection accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. The method achieved an F1 score of 0.74 and an AUC of 0.8401 (A vs. B). For young patients (A vs. C), it performed with 98% accuracy and an AUC of 0.9812. This study presents a proof-of-concept algorithm, demonstrating the potential of deep learning to identify osteoporosis in dental radiographs. It also highlights the importance of methodological rigor, as not all optimistic results are credible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci12030049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T04:31:23Z","timestamp":1726806683000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Enhanced Osteoporosis Detection Using Artificial Intelligence: A Deep Learning Approach to Panoramic Radiographs with an Emphasis on the Mental Foramen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9061-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Gaudin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Ghanad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Kewenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Rendenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3541-5404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasilios","family":"Alevizakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Digital Technologies in Dentistry and CAD\/CAM, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Gr\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine\/Dental Medicine, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0642-7884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Kofler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz AI, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, Ingostaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany"},{"name":"TUM\u2014Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4987-2913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Heiland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6272-7326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantin","family":"von See","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Digital Technologies in Dentistry and CAD\/CAM, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-023-1971-4","article-title":"Sex Specific Global Burden of Osteoporosis in 204 Countries and Territories, from 1990 to 2030: An Age-Period-Cohort Modeling Study","volume":"27","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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