{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T15:04:46Z","timestamp":1775747086498,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study evaluates the suitability of cerebral oximetry using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) compared to traditional pulse oximetry (SpO2) for measuring cerebral oxygen saturation during hypoxia testing, aiming to enhance safety during flight operations and training. Material and Methods: The study included 106 participants aged 18\u201360 years at the Aerospace Medicine Training Center in K\u00f6nigsbr\u00fcck. Cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured using the INVOS\u2122 5100C cerebral oximeter and Masimo\u2122 MS5 pulse oximeter, respectively. Measurements were taken at baseline, during hypoxia at 25,000 feet, and post recovery. Data analysis included regression analysis, Bland\u2013Altman plots, and concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). Ethical approval was obtained from the Hannover Medical School. Data from 100 participants were analyzed. Results: Baseline SpO2 was 97.5 \u00b1 1.5%, and baseline rSO2 was 77.25 \u00b1 6.4%. During hypoxia, SpO2 dropped significantly, while rSO2 showed higher values. SpO2 recovered faster than rSO2. Deviations in rSO2 between the right and left sides during hypoxia were minimal. Lin\u2019s CCC indicated moderate to substantial concordance. NIRS measurements were more stable and less prone to disturbances, with 95 disruptions in pulse oximetry, 25 of which were potentially critical. Conclusions: NIRS is a reliable method for detecting cerebral oxygen saturation, offering significant advantages over traditional pulse oximetry in stability and reliability during hypoxia testing. NIRS is less error-prone, supporting its use for continuous monitoring in aviation settings and enhancing flight safety by providing more accurate hypoxia detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci12040059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T09:11:47Z","timestamp":1729761107000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparing NIRS and Pulse Oximetry for Cerebral Oxygen Saturation During Hypoxia Testing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3541-5404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasilios","family":"Alevizakos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Digital Technologies in Dentistry and CAD\/CAM at Danube Private University, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flight Physiological Diagnostics and Research, Center for Aerospace Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Center for Space Medicine and Extreme Environments, Charit\u00e9 University Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa-Marie","family":"Schiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry at Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6272-7326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantin","family":"von See","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Digital Technologies in Dentistry and CAD\/CAM at Danube Private University, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0176-4606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Schiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Torenbeek, E., and Wittenberg, H. 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