{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:02:11Z","timestamp":1760058131411,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Regional Research Grant from the R\u00e9gion R\u00e9union","award":["#338720","BioST\u2014FED4126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#338720","BioST\u2014FED4126"]}]},{"name":"federative research structure \u201cBios\u00e9curit\u00e9 en milieu Tropical\u201d","award":["#338720","BioST\u2014FED4126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#338720","BioST\u2014FED4126"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global fight against pandemics is a major public health issue. Epidemiological studies showed a reduced risk of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity with the practice of regular physical activity (PA) in clinical populations. Here, we investigated the effect of PA against COVID-19 in a young general population. Methods: Two hundred ninety volunteers over 18 years old from Reunion Island responded to an online survey concerning sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical information. Daily PA was studied using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short version (IPAQ) and classified by overall score and intensities of PA. Results: Among 290 responders [179 women, median age = 27.5 years (interquartile range = 21.3 years)], 141 (48.6%) reported COVID-19 infection. Multivariate logistic analysis adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, chronic disease and alcohol consumption showed that the number of days per week of regular intense PA was independently associated with a low risk of COVID-19 infection [odds ratio (OR) 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24 to 0.99; p = 0.030], while regular moderate PA was not [OR 1.10; 95%CI 0.97 to 1.23; p = 0.137]. Conclusions: In a population of young adults, regular intense PA could offer a protective effect against COVID-19. Additional research is required to confirm this association in various viral infections and elucidate the fundamental mechanisms involved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13010028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T04:55:44Z","timestamp":1741755344000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protective Effect of Daily Physical Activity Against COVID-19 in a Young Adult Population on Reunion Island"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Camille","family":"Cazeneuve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Ing\u00e9ni\u00e9RIe de la Sant\u00e9, du Sport et de l\u2019Environnement (IRISSE, EA4075), UFR des Sciences de l\u2019Homme et de l\u2019Environnement, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, 117 rue du General Ailleret, 97430 Le Tampon, La R\u00e9union, France"},{"name":"Diab\u00e8te Ath\u00e9rothrombose R\u00e9union Oc\u00e9an Indien (D\u00e9TROI), Inserm UMR 1188, Campus Sant\u00e9 de Terre Sainte, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, 97410 Saint-Pierre, La R\u00e9union, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Couret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diab\u00e8te Ath\u00e9rothrombose R\u00e9union Oc\u00e9an Indien (D\u00e9TROI), Inserm UMR 1188, Campus Sant\u00e9 de Terre Sainte, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, 97410 Saint-Pierre, La R\u00e9union, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9664-3486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregorie","family":"Lebeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diab\u00e8te Ath\u00e9rothrombose R\u00e9union Oc\u00e9an Indien (D\u00e9TROI), Inserm UMR 1188, Campus Sant\u00e9 de Terre Sainte, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, 97410 Saint-Pierre, La R\u00e9union, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0915-8635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wildriss","family":"Viranaicken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diab\u00e8te Ath\u00e9rothrombose R\u00e9union Oc\u00e9an Indien (D\u00e9TROI), Inserm UMR 1188, Campus Sant\u00e9 de Terre Sainte, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, 97410 Saint-Pierre, La R\u00e9union, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1188-115X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Eve","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de recherche Azrieli, CHU Saint-Justine, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3T 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0150-8159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Chouchou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Ing\u00e9ni\u00e9RIe de la Sant\u00e9, du Sport et de l\u2019Environnement (IRISSE, EA4075), UFR des Sciences de l\u2019Homme et de l\u2019Environnement, Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union, 117 rue du General Ailleret, 97430 Le Tampon, La R\u00e9union, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc3517","article-title":"Estimating the Burden of SARS-CoV-2 in France","volume":"369","author":"Salje","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01859-7","article-title":"The 2023 Report of the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: The Imperative for a Health-Centred Response in a World Facing Irreversible Harms","volume":"402","author":"Romanello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2021.05.011","article-title":"Association of Physical Activity Levels and the Prevalence of COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization","volume":"24","author":"Cardozo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.08.001","article-title":"No Independent Associations between Physical Activity and Clinical Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients with Moderate to Severe COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104080","article-title":"Physical Inactivity Is Associated with a Higher Risk for Severe COVID-19 Outcomes: A Study in 48 440 Adult Patients","volume":"55","author":"Sallis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-105159","article-title":"Small Steps, Strong Shield: Directly Measured, Moderate Physical Activity in 65,361 Adults Is Associated with Significant Protective Effects from Severe COVID-19 Outcomes","volume":"56","author":"Steenkamp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46162-4","article-title":"Association of SARS-CoV-2 Infection with Physical Activity Domains and Types","volume":"13","author":"Vanhelst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2020.01.006","article-title":"Mitochondrial Functions in Infection and Immunity","volume":"30","author":"Tiku","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2016.10.028","article-title":"Mitochondria as Molecular Platforms Integrating Multiple Innate Immune Signalings","volume":"429","author":"Monlun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01088","article-title":"Regular Endurance Exercise Promotes Fission, Mitophagy, and Oxidative Phosphorylation in Human Skeletal Muscle Independently of Age","volume":"10","author":"Balan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01533","article-title":"Hijacking the Supplies: Metabolism as a Novel Facet of Virus-Host Interaction","volume":"10","author":"Mayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-020-00204-x","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and Mitochondrial Health: Implications of Lifestyle and Ageing","volume":"17","author":"Nunn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12425","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Groups with Different Physical Activity Levels","volume":"26","author":"Dyrstad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487315582322","article-title":"Dose\u2013Response Relationship of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Adaptation to Controlled Endurance Training in Sedentary Older Adults","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiolog."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175346662110252","DOI":"10.1177\/17534666211025221","article-title":"Does Pre-Existent Physical Inactivity Have a Role in the Severity of COVID-19?","volume":"15","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.05.059","article-title":"Lifestyle Risk Factors, Inflammatory Mechanisms, and COVID-19 Hospitalization: A Community-Based Cohort Study of 387,109 Adults in UK","volume":"87","author":"Hamer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","article-title":"International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-Country Reliability and Validity","volume":"35","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008430","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008430","article-title":"Systematic Review of the Measurement Properties of Self-Report Physical Activity Questionnaires in Healthy Adult Populations: Figure 1","volume":"5","author":"Silsbury","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(04)80010-0","article-title":"Test-Retest Reliability of Four Physical Activity Measures Used in Population Surveys","volume":"7","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138855","DOI":"10.1080\/13814788.2022.2138855","article-title":"A Higher Frequency of Physical Activity Is Associated with Reduced Rates of SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"29","author":"Green","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00535-6","article-title":"Transmissibility and Transmission of Respiratory Viruses","volume":"19","author":"Leung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105733","article-title":"Physical Activity and Risk of Infection, Severity and Mortality of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Non-Linear Dose\u2013Response Meta-Analysis of Data from 1 853 610 Adults","volume":"56","author":"Ezzatvar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"E123","article-title":"Association between Physical Activity and Risk of COVID-19 Infection or Clinical Outcomes of the Patients with COVID-19; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"64","author":"Halabchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01466-1","article-title":"Effects of Regular Physical Activity on the Immune System, Vaccination and Risk of Community-Acquired Infectious Disease in the General Population: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"51","author":"Chastin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"WHO (2020). Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2023-0040","article-title":"Importance of Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Rejeki","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0365-0","article-title":"Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) and Continuous Endurance Training for VO2max Improvements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials","volume":"45","author":"Weston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03324707","article-title":"Effects of a One-Year Exercise Training Program in Adults over 70 Years Old: A Study with a Control Group","volume":"19","author":"Deley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx236","article-title":"Physical Activity to Reduce Mortality Risk","volume":"38","author":"Hupin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-092910-154237","article-title":"Aerobic Glycolysis: Meeting the Metabolic Requirements of Cell Proliferation","volume":"27","author":"Lunt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3699","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.27279","article-title":"Oncogenic Virus-Induced Aerobic Glycolysis and Tumorigenesis","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1126\/science.123.3191.309","article-title":"On the Origin of Cancer Cells","volume":"123","author":"Warburg","year":"1956","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160809","article-title":"Understanding the Warburg Effect: The Metabolic Requirements of Cell Proliferation","volume":"324","author":"Cantley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebeau, G., Paulo-Ramos, A., Hoareau, M., El Safadi, D., Meilhac, O., Krejbich-Trotot, P., Roche, M., and Viranaicken, W. (2024). Metabolic Dependency Shapes Bivalent Antiviral Response in Host Cells in Response to Poly:IC: The Role of Glutamine. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091391"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.003","article-title":"Lactate Is a Natural Suppressor of RLR Signaling by Targeting MAVS","volume":"178","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00639-z","article-title":"Infectious Disease in an Era of Global Change","volume":"20","author":"Baker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/13\/1\/28\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:51:03Z","timestamp":1760028663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/13\/1\/28"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["medsci13010028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci13010028","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3271"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-3271"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]}}}