{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T20:23:28Z","timestamp":1789676608568,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Ischemic heart disease (CAD), a leading global health burden, arises primarily from atherosclerosis, an inflammatory condition characterized by lipid accumulation and metabolic dysregulation. The precise contribution of inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1) to CAD pathogenesis remains an area of significant research. Aim: The primary aim of this study is to examine the IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and compare them with Non-CAD individuals to evaluate their potential as diagnostic biomarkers for CAD. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted over 3 years, involving 100 participants divided into CAD and non-CAD groups. Blood samples were isolated and analyzed for IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 levels utilizing ELISA kits. Biochemical parameters, including lipid profiles, were also assessed. Results: This study observed significantly elevated IL-6 in patients with CAD compared with controls, while IL-2 and TNF-\u03b1 levels did not reach statistical significance. The CAD group exhibited dyslipidemia characterized by elevated triglycerides and reduced HDL. Furthermore, the CAD group demonstrated alterations in biochemical parameters, including lower albumin and calcium levels, higher urea and uric acid levels, and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. These findings suggest a systemic inflammatory state and metabolic disturbances in patients with CAD. Conclusions: This study highlights IL-6 as a potential biomarker and key player in CAD pathogenesis. These findings warrant further investigation into the therapeutic potential of targeting inflammatory pathways for cardiovascular risk reduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13020040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T11:24:39Z","timestamp":1744025079000},"page":"40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Role of IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 as Potential Biomarkers in Ischemic Heart Disease: A Comparative Study of Patients with CAD and Non-CAD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6210-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed E.","family":"Altyar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pharmacy Program, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences Hospital, Delhi 110095, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0785-4135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nehmat","family":"Ghaboura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Program, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Institute of Medical Sciences, Udaipur 313015, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4988-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sattam Khulaif","family":"Alenezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3719-6241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Jaffar Sadiq","family":"Mantargi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2570-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e9349","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Ischemic Heart Disease: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fr\u0105k, W., Wojtasi\u0144ska, A., Lisi\u0144ska, W., M\u0142ynarska, E., Franczyk, B., and Rysz, J. (2022). 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