{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:55:20Z","timestamp":1787028920273,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory virus infections, such as those caused by influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and coronaviruses, pose a significant global health burden. While the immune system\u2019s adaptive components, including memory T cells, are critical for recognizing and combating these pathogens, recurrent infections and variable disease outcomes persist. Memory T cells are a key element of long-term immunity, capable of responding swiftly upon re-exposure to pathogens. They play diverse roles, including cross-reactivity to conserved viral epitopes and modulation of inflammatory responses. However, the protective efficacy of these cells is influenced by several factors, including viral evolution, host age, and immune system dynamics. This review explores the dichotomy of memory T cells in respiratory virus infections: their potential to confer robust protection and the limitations that allow for breakthrough infections. Understanding the underlying mechanisms governing the formation, maintenance, and functional deployment of memory T cells in respiratory mucosa is critical for improving immunological interventions. We highlight recent advances in vaccine strategies aimed at bolstering T cell-mediated immunity and discuss the challenges posed by viral immune evasion. Addressing these gaps in knowledge is pivotal for designing effective therapeutics and vaccines to mitigate the global burden of respiratory viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13020048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T09:00:39Z","timestamp":1745917239000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Memory T Cells in Respiratory Virus Infections: Protective Potential and Persistent Vulnerabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5730-2013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"Sutanto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Study Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Febrian Ramadhan","family":"Pradana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Study Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galih Januar","family":"Adytia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Study Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bagus Aditya","family":"Ansharullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Study Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alief","family":"Waitupu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Study Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bramantono","family":"Bramantono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"},{"name":"Division of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8733-6441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deasy","family":"Fetarayani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia"},{"name":"Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1385\/IR:24:1:53","article-title":"Cellular Immunity and Memory to Respiratory Virus Infections","volume":"24","author":"Woodland","year":"2001","journal-title":"IR"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefano, G.B., and Kream, R.M. 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