{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:59:26Z","timestamp":1790402366321,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This report provides a concise selective representative overview of the predictor factors for progression in Idiopathic Scoliosis (IS). The Cobb angle method, rib hump deformity, imaging and advanced techniques for assessing skeletal maturity serve as key elements in evaluating prognostic factors for IS progression based on the patient\u2019s age at diagnosis\u2014particularly in Infantile Idiopathic Scoliosis (IIS), Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis (JIS), and Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS). The commonly used approaches for determining skeletal maturity include the assessment of the iliac apophysis and scoliosis curve deterioration, the Sanders skeletal maturity staging system, the distal radius and ulna (DRU) classification for predicting growth spurts and curve progression in IS, as well as the ossification of vertebral epiphyseal rings, the humeral head, and the calcaneal apophysis. Prognostic factors influencing IS progression are further discussed in relation to the patient\u2019s age at onset\u2014whether in infancy, childhood, or adolescence\u2014as well as in both untreated and braced AIS patients. Additionally, the apical convex rib\u2013vertebra angle in AIS is explored as an indicator of progression. Predictors for curve progression at skeletal maturity are outlined, along with various models for forecasting IS deterioration. Lastly, the Rib and Segmental Rib Index, a rib cage deformity parameter, is introduced as a predictor of scoliosis progression. In conclusion, this concise and selective overview of predictor factors for progression in IS highlights the current understanding of IS progression factors. It also introduces the Rib and Segmental Rib Index\u2014a rib cage deformity parameter\u2014as a predictor of IS progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13020062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T09:58:22Z","timestamp":1747821502000},"page":"62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Idiopathic Scoliosis Progression: Presenting Rib and Segmental Rib Index as Predictors\u2014A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3018-5168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros B.","family":"Grivas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, \u201cTzaneio\u201d General Hospital of Piraeus, 185 36 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2428-5250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias","family":"Vasiliadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, KAT Hospital, 145 61 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Soultanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Lykissas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metropolitan Hospital, Ethnarchou Makariou 9 & El. Venizelou 1, Neo Faliro, 185 47 Pitaeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0229-0008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galateia","family":"Katzouraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spinal Department of Hygeia Hospital, 4 Erythrou Stavrou, 151 23 Maroussi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Sekouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Orthopedics, P. & A. Kyriakou Children\u2019s Hospital, 23 Levadeias, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Lykouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metropolitan Hospital, Ethnarchou Makariou 9 & El. Venizelou 1, Neo Faliro, 185 47 Pitaeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Mazioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Health Visitors, \u201cTzaneio\u201d General Hospital of Piraeus, 185 36 Piraeus, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aristea","family":"Mamzeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TOMY Attica Square, 104 45 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Despina","family":"Papagianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School Nurse\u2014Health Visitor, Special Primary School of Rafina, 190 09 Rafina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Potamiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Early Intervention & Rehabilitation General, Children\u2019s Hospital of Athens \u201cP. & A. Kyriakou\u201d, 115 27 Athina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0149-2590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandros","family":"Kastrinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Assessment and Quality of Life Research Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 351 32 Lamia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Theodosopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens Scoliosis, Moschato, 183 45 Attica, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199506000-00002","article-title":"Prediction of progression of the curve in girls who have adolescent idiopathic scoliosis of moderate severity. 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