{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T17:24:51Z","timestamp":1780593891015,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rise of antibiotic resistance and the limitations of conventional therapies for managing biofilm-related oral infections highlight the urgent need for novel solutions, with low-temperature plasma (LTP) emerging as a promising alternative due to its potent antimicrobial effects, tissue-safety, and reduced risk of fostering resistance. This scoping review investigates the efficacy of LTP application for the management of oral biofilms associated with dental caries, peri-implantitis, endodontic infections, and oral candidiasis. This review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and registered with the Open Science Framework (OSF). Studies were identified through comprehensive searches of PubMed\/MEDLINE, EBSCO (Medline Ultimate and e-journals), and Google Scholar, with no publication date restrictions, and were supplemented by manual reference screening. Eligible studies included original research, published in English, examining LTP\u2019s effectiveness in oral biofilms. After systematically screening the literature, 51 studies were included in this scoping review, comprising mostly in vitro research, alongside ex vivo, in situ, and clinical studies. Data extraction revealed LTP\u2019s broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential and promising clinical implications for dentistry. This review highlights key findings, identifies research gaps, and underscores the therapeutic potential of LTP in managing complex oral biofilm-related infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13020079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:08:06Z","timestamp":1750219686000},"page":"79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Exploring the Efficacy of Low-Temperature Plasmas on Oral Biofilms: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Carson C.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1441-8430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabr\u00edzio","family":"Dias Panariello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, S\u00e3o Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas 13045-755, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2138-1223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Panariello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, A., Sun, J., and Liu, Y. (2023). Understanding bacterial biofilms: From definition to treatment strategies. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1137947"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.02.009","article-title":"Oral polymicrobial communities: Assembly, function, and impact on diseases","volume":"31","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0089-x","article-title":"The oral microbiota: Dynamic communities and host interactions","volume":"16","author":"Lamont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsh, P.D. (2006). Dental plaque as a biofilm and a microbial community\u2014Implications for health and disease. BMC Oral. Health, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-6-S1-S14"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, J., and Nobile, C.J. (2023). Antifungal drug-resistance mechanisms in Candida biofilms. Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 71.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2022.102237"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-011-0519-1","article-title":"Characterization of antibiotic resistance determinants in oral biofilms","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uru\u00e9n, C., Chopo-Escuin, G., Tommassen, J., Mainar-Jaime, R.C., and Arenas, J. (2020). Biofilms as Promoters of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance and Tolerance. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10010003"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicol, M.J., Brubaker, T.R., Honish, B.J., Simmons, A.N., Kazemi, A., Geissel, M.A., Whalen, C.T., Siedlecki, C.A., Bil\u00e9n, S.G., and Knecht, S.D. (2020). Antibacterial effects of low-temperature plasma generated by atmospheric-pressure plasma jet are mediated by reactive oxygen species. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59652-6"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, S., and Panariello, B.H.D. (2020). Comprehensive biomedical applications of low temperature plasmas. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 693.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108560"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2017.07.013","article-title":"Frugal Biotech Applications of Low-Temperature Plasma","volume":"36","author":"Machala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.18-0366","article-title":"Low-temperature plasma on peri-implant-related biofilm and gingival tissue","volume":"90","author":"Carreiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delben, J.A., Zago, C.E., Tyhovych, N., Duarte, S., and Vergani, C.E. (2016). Effect of Atmospheric-Pressure Cold Plasma on Pathogenic Oral Biofilms and In Vitro Reconstituted Oral Epithelium. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155427"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7647","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c01413","article-title":"Tissue-Safe Low-Temperature Plasma Treatment for Effective Management of Mature Peri-Implantitis Biofilms on Titanium Surfaces","volume":"10","author":"Panariello","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"573262","article-title":"Synergistic Effects of Nonthermal Plasma and Disinfecting Agents against Dental Biofilms In Vitro","volume":"2013","author":"Koban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Not. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2010-190","article-title":"Microbicidal activities of low frequency atmospheric pressure plasma jets on oral pathogens","volume":"30","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Mater. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2010.10.002","article-title":"Oral bacterial deactivation using a low-temperature atmospheric argon plasma brush","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.08.017","article-title":"Cold plasma therapy of a tooth root canal infected with enterococcus faecalis biofilms in vitro","volume":"39","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24306","DOI":"10.1051\/epjap\/2012120449","article-title":"Decontamination of Streptococci biofilms and Bacillus cereus spores on plastic surfaces with DC and pulsed corona discharges","volume":"61","author":"Hensel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J.-Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2013.756594","article-title":"Capillary-tube-based micro-plasma system for disinfecting dental biofilm","volume":"89","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"84","article-title":"Plasma deac-tivation of oral bacteria seeded on hydroxyapatite disks as tooth enamel analogue","volume":"27","author":"Blumhagen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2014.04.001","article-title":"Salivary pellicle composition and multi-species biofilm developed on titanium nitrided by cold plasma","volume":"59","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2014.10.020","article-title":"Evaluation of Cold Plasma Treatment and Safety in Disinfecting 3-week Root Canal Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm In Vitro","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.749.74","article-title":"Micro-Inactivation of Coliforms by Low-Temperature and Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Irradiation","volume":"749","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201500189","article-title":"Bactericidal effi-cacy of tissue tolerable plasma on microrough titanium dental implants: An in-vitro-study","volume":"9","author":"Preissner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"52","article-title":"Effects of atmospheric non-thermal argon\/oxygen plasma on biofilm viability and hydrophobicity of oral bacteria","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.01.035","article-title":"Three-species biofilm model onto plasma-treated titanium implant surface","volume":"152","author":"Matos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballout, H., Hertel, M., Doehring, J., Kostka, E., Hartwig, S., Paris, S., and Preissner, S. (2018). Effects of plasma jet, dielectric barrier discharge, photodynamic therapy and sodium hypochlorite on infected curved root canals. J. Biophotonics, 11.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201700186"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2018.09.006","article-title":"Comparison of the bactericidal effect of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP), antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), and polihexanide (PHX) in a novel wet surface model to mimic oral cavity application","volume":"46","author":"Hafner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12860","article-title":"Tooth bleaching with low-temperature plasma lowers surface roughness and Streptococcus mutans adhesion","volume":"51","author":"Nam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_261_17","article-title":"Antibiofilm efficacies of cold plasma and er: YAG laser on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on titanium for non-surgical treatment of peri-implantitis","volume":"21","author":"Ulu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Niger J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M.J., Kwon, J.S., Jiang, H.B., Choi, E.H., Park, G., and Kim, K.M. (2019). The antibacterial effect of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of titanium surfaces ac-cording to the bacterial wall structure. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39414-9"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theinkom, F., Singer, L., Cieplik, F., Cantzler, S., Weilemann, H., Cantzler, M., Hiller, K.A., Maisch, T., and Zimmermann, J.L. (2019). Antibacterial efficacy of cold atmospheric plasma against Enterococcus faecalis planktonic cultures and biofilms in vitro. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223925"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagay, B.E., Bitencourt, S.B., Commar, B.C., da Silva, E.V.F., Dos Santos, D.M., Rangel, E.C., Goiato, M.C., Del Bel Cury, A.A., Ricomini-Filho, A.P., and Bar\u00e3o, V.A.R. (2020). An-timicrobial and protective effects of non-thermal plasma treatments on the performance of a resinous liner. Arch. Oral Biol., 117.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2020.104822"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figueira, L.W., Panariello, B.H.D., Koga-Ito, C.Y., and Duarte, S. (2021). Low-Temperature Plasma as an Approach for Inhibiting a Multi-Species Cariogenic Biofilm. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11020570"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-03949-x","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma coupled with air abrasion in liquid medium for the treatment of peri-implantitis model grown with a complex human biofilm: An in vitro study","volume":"25","author":"Hui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.11.027","article-title":"Novel technique using cold atmospheric plasma coupled with air-polishing for the treatment of titanium discs grown with biofilm: An in-vitro study","volume":"37","author":"Hui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leite, L.D.P., Oliveira, M.A.C., Vegian, M., Sampaio, A.D.G., Nishime, T.M.C., Kostov, K.G., and Koga-Ito, C.Y. (2021). Effect of Cold Atmospheric Plasma Jet Associated to Pol-yene Antifungals on Candida albicans Biofilms. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195815"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nima, G., Harth-Chu, E., Hiers, R.D., Pecorari, V.G.A., Dyer, D.W., Khajotia, S.S., Giannini, M., and Florez, F.L.E. (2021). Antibacterial efficacy of non-thermal atmospheric plasma against Streptococcus mutans biofilm grown on the surfaces of restorative resin composites. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03192-0"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarif, M.E., Yehia, S.A., Bi\u021b\u0103, B., S\u0103tulu, V., Vizireanu, S., Dinescu, G., Holban, A.M., Marinescu, F., Andronescu, E., and Grumezescu, A.M. (2021). Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Activation of Hydroxyapatite to Improve Fluoride Incorporation and Modulate Bacterial Biofilm. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222313103"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2022.50","article-title":"Evaluation of Antibacterial Effects of Cold Atmospheric Plasma, Calcium Hydroxide, and Triple Antibiotic Paste on Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm in the Root Canal System: An In Vitro Study","volume":"13","author":"Asnaashari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, Q., Sun, H., Chen, M., Zhang, S., and Yu, Q. (2022). Plasma treatment effects on de-struction and recovery of Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274523"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04300-0","article-title":"Efficiency of cold atmospheric plasma, cleaning powders and their combination for biofilm removal on two different titanium implant surfaces","volume":"26","author":"Kamionka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthes, R., Jablonowski, L., Pitchika, V., Holtfreter, B., Eberhard, C., Seifert, L., Gerling, T., Vilardell Scholten, L., Schl\u00fcter, R., and Kocher, T. (2022). Efficiency of biofilm removal by combination of water jet and cold plasma: An in-vitro study. BMC Oral Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02195-1"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthes, R., Jablonowski, L., Miebach, L., Pitchika, V., Holtfreter, B., Eberhard, C., Seifert, L., Gerling, T., Schl\u00fcter, R., and Kocher, T. (2023). In-Vitro Biofilm Removal Efficacy Using Water Jet in Combination with Cold Plasma Technology on Dental Titanium Implants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021606"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panariello, B.H.D., Mody, D.P., Eckert, G.J., Witek, L., Coelho, P.G., and Duarte, S. (2022). Low-Temperature Plasma Short Exposure to Decontaminate Peri-Implantitis-Related Multispecies Biofilms on Titanium Surfaces In Vitro. Biomed. Res. Int., 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1549774"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figueira, L.W., Panariello, B., Koga-Ito, C.Y., and Duarte, S. (2024). Exploring the efficacy of in-vitro low-temperature plasma treatment on single and multispecies dental cariogenic biofilms. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70943-0"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-023-00747-9","article-title":"Could Helium Plasma Treatment be a Novel Approach to Prevent the Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans?","volume":"188","author":"Avukat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, M.K., Lee, S.K., Kim, H.S., Oh, G.J., Cho, H., and Lim, H.P. (2023). Assessment of Inhibition of Biofilm Formation on Non-Thermal Plasma-Treated TiO(2) Nanotubes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043335"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, M., Dang, J., Dong, F., Zhong, R., Zhang, J., Pan, J., and Li, Y. (2023). Antimicrobial and cleaning effects of ultrasonic-mediated plasma-loaded microbubbles on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm: An in vitro study. BMC Oral Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02813-6"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haude, S., Matthes, R., Pitchika, V., Holtfreter, B., Schl\u00fcter, R., Gerling, T., Kocher, T., and Jablonowski, L. (2024). In-vitro biofilm removal from TiUnite\u00ae implant surface with an air polishing and two different plasma devices. BMC Oral Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04230-9"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puca, V., Marinacci, B., Pinti, M., Di Cintio, F., Sinjari, B., Di Marcantonio, M.C., Mincione, G., Acharya, T.R., Kaushik, N.K., and Choi, E.H. (2024). Antimicrobial efficacy of direct air gas soft jet plasma for the in vitro reduction of oral bacterial biofilms. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61438-z"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025004","DOI":"10.1088\/1402-4896\/ada40d","article-title":"Inactivation of S. mutans dental biofilm by using Cold Atmospheric Plasma","volume":"100","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Scr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.4c01422","article-title":"Preventing Candida albicans Contamination on Packaged Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Surfaces by Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment","volume":"8","author":"Morais","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2011.01740.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficacy of non-thermal plasma in comparison to chlorhexidine against dental biofilms on titanium discs in vitro\u2014Proof of principle experiment","volume":"38","author":"Koban","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-011-0690-y","article-title":"Bacterial-killing effect of at-mospheric pressure non-equilibrium plasma jet and oral mucosa response","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, Q., Xiaoqing, D., Meng, C., Hongmin, S., Liang, H., Yong, W., Hao, L., and and Yu, Q. (2019). An in vitro and in vivo study of plasma treatment effects on oral biofilms. J. Oral Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2019.1603524"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12083","article-title":"Evaluation of a nonthermal plasma needle to eliminate ex vivo biofilms in root canals of extracted human teeth","volume":"46","author":"Schaudinn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-03187-2","article-title":"Evaluation of efficacy of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma in treatment of periodontitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Savran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canullo, L., Rakic, M., Corvino, E., Burton, M., Krumbeck, J.A., Chittoor Prem, A., Ravid\u00e0, A., Ignjatovi\u0107, N., Sculean, A., and Menini, M. (2023). Effect of argon plasma pre-treatment of healing abutments on peri-implant microbiome and soft tissue integration: A proof-of-concept randomized study. BMC Oral Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02729-1"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rupf, S., Idlibi, A.N., Marrawi, F.A., Hannig, M., Schubert, A., von Mueller, L., Spitzer, W., Holtmann, H., Lehmann, A., and Rueppell, A. (2011). Removing biofilms from microstructured titanium ex vivo: A novel approach using atmospheric plasma technology. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025893"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2013.775255","article-title":"Destruction of oral biofilms formed in situ on machined titanium (Ti) surfaces by cold atmospheric plasma","volume":"29","author":"Idlibi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elstat.2024.103988","article-title":"Ionic wind produced by volume corona discharges and surface dielectric barrier discharges: What role do streamers play?","volume":"132","author":"Moreau","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Electrost."}],"container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/13\/2\/79\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:53:59Z","timestamp":1760032439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/13\/2\/79"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["medsci13020079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci13020079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3271"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3271","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]}}}