{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T20:21:33Z","timestamp":1789676493096,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Even though surgery and chemotherapy are the mainstay of treatment, immunotherapy, and more specifically anti-tumor vaccination, has gained popularity over the past years due to the lower related toxicity and fewer long-term side effects. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have been shown to induce tumor specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses both in vitro and in vivo; however, due to the nature of the disease, resistance to immunotherapy is often developed. Various modifications, such as the implementation of viral vectors, tumor RNA, or even tumor-specific peptides (neoantigens), have been studied as a means to avoid resistance and enhance the effectiveness of the vaccines. In this review, we aim to assess the effects of neoantigen-loaded DC vaccines (naDCVs) on the immune response against gastric cancer cells. Materials and methods: A thorough literature search was conducted on PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov for studies assessing the efficacy of naDCVs against gastric cancer both in vivo and in vitro. The studies were assessed for eligibility by two independent reviewers based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search was completed following the PRISMA guidelines. Results: Eleven studies were included in our systematic review. In five of the studies, the effects of the naDCVs were tested in vitro; in two and in four they were examined both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro studies showed that the naDCVs resulted in a more robust immune response against the cancer cells in the study groups compared to the control groups. The in vivo studies conducted on mice showed that tumor volume was reduced in the groups treated with the naDCV compared to the untreated groups. What is more, the cytotoxic effect of CTLs against tumor cells was also increased in the vaccine groups. One of the studies was conducted on humans as a phase I study. The results show increased CTL proliferation and cytokine production in the vaccinated group compared to the control, but no difference regarding the tumor size was observed. Conclusions: Neoantigen-loaded DC vaccines can stimulate a strong immune response against specific gastric cancer cell peptides and enhance tumor cell lysis, therefore hindering or even reversing disease progression, offering great potential for the treatment of patients with gastric cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13030090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T15:19:31Z","timestamp":1752247171000},"page":"90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Efficacy of Neoantigen-Loaded Dendritic Cell Vaccine Immunotherapy in Non-Metastatic Gastric Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5030-7009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Menelaos","family":"Papakonstantinou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First University Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7879-0426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paraskevi","family":"Chatzikomnitsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First University Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1245-7804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Areti Danai","family":"Gkaitatzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First University Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2289-8331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasia","family":"Myriskou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First University Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3786-4609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandros","family":"Giakoustidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First University Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6023-4744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Giakoustidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First University Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1009-1685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios N.","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First University Surgical Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. 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