{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:56:01Z","timestamp":1785772561298,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Lodz","award":["503\/1-138-01\/503-51-001-19-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-138-01\/503-51-001-19-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Facial nerve palsy is a relatively common complication following open rigid internal fixation (ORIF) of a mandibular condylar fracture. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors that influence post-operative facial nerve function and the recovery process. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted based on the medical records of 329 patients who underwent ORIF treatment for condyle fractures, with the follow-up period being 24 months long. Results: During the initial post-operative examination, 50.45% of patients exhibited some signs of facial nerve dysfunction, ranging from slight to severe, and 48.63% of patients presented transient palsy, while only 1.82% presented permanent facial nerve palsy. Female patients were found to be more susceptible to post-operative facial nerve palsy. Patients with multiple mandibular fractures and bilateral condyle fractures had a worse prognosis. The preauricular approach and its modifications were identified as posing the greatest risk to the facial nerve. The safest approach was the retromandibular approach. Patients treated for injuries resulting from traffic accidents or falls had a worse prognosis than those treated for assault injuries. Conclusions: Post-operative facial nerve palsy following ORIF of the mandibular condyle is, in most cases, transient and can be effectively treated. However, it is important to choose the safest possible surgical approach. The safer approach, the retromandibular approach, should be considered when possible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13030121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T08:10:32Z","timestamp":1754899832000},"page":"121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Risk of Permanent Dysfunction of Facial Nerves After Open Rigid Internal Fixation in the Treatment of Mandibular Condylar Process Fracture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5558-8066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Agier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multispeciality Dental Clinic, 106\/116 Ko\u015b\u0107iuszki Av., 90-442 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 113 \u017beromskiego St., 90-549 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9200-2828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Kozakiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 113 \u017beromskiego St., 90-549 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szymon","family":"Tyszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 113 \u017beromskiego St., 90-549 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Gabryelczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 113 \u017beromskiego St., 90-549 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2020.10.001","article-title":"Prognostic Factors for Long-Term Results after Condylar Head Fractures: A Comparative Study of Non-Surgical Treatment versus Open Reduction and Osteosynthesis","volume":"48","author":"Kolk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2013.12.002","article-title":"Evaluation of Facial Nerve Following Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Subcondylar Fracture through Retromandibular Transparotid Approach","volume":"52","author":"Bhutia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2000.8734","article-title":"Surgical Complications with Open Treatment of Mandibular Condylar Process Fractures","volume":"58","author":"Ellis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2023.05.008","article-title":"Complications of Mandibular Fracture Repair","volume":"56","author":"Gibson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Korzon, T. (1966). The Issue of the Advisability of Surgical Treatment of Mandibular Condylar Process Fractures in the Light of Clinical and Experimental Studies. [Postdoctoral Thesis, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13497","article-title":"Conservative Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Condylar Fractures: A Systematic Review Conducted According to PRISMA Guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","volume":"50","author":"Minervini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3390\/surgeries5040083","article-title":"A Comparative Analysis of Surgical and Conservative Management in Intra-Articular Condylar Fractures: A Retrospective Study","volume":"5","author":"Monarchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surgeries"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(83)90214-8","article-title":"Indications for open reduction of mandibular condyle fractures","volume":"41","author":"Zide","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Kozakiewicz, M. (2019). Fractures of Mandible Condyle Process, Pa\u0144stwowy Zak\u0142ad Wydawnictw Lekarskich (PZWL)."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Koch, S. (2003). Biomechanische Untersuchungen zur Stabilit\u00e4t Verschiedener Osteosynthesematerialien bei Gelenkwalzenfrakturen vom Typ A, Klinik und Poliklinik f\u00fcr Mund-Kiefer-Gesichtschirurgie der Technischen Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen Klinikum Rechts der Isar. [Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Munich]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2015.02.004","article-title":"Long-Term Results of ORIF of Condylar Head Fractures of the Mandible: A Prospective 5-Year Follow-Up Study of Small-Fragment Positional-Screw Osteosynthesis (SFPSO)","volume":"43","author":"Kolk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozakiewicz, M., Okulski, J., Krasowski, M., Konieczny, B., and Zieli\u0144ski, R. (2023). Which of 51 Plate Designs Can Most Stably Fixate the Fragments in a Fracture of the Mandibular Condyle Base?. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134508"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/73718","article-title":"Pullout force comparison of selected screws for rigid fixation in maxillofacial surgery","volume":"54","author":"Kozakiewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-02842-y","article-title":"Comparison of compression screws used for mandible head fracture treatment\u2014Experimental study","volume":"23","author":"Kozakiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2017.04.013","article-title":"Small-diameter compression screws completely embedded in bone for rigid internal fixation of the condylar head of the mandible","volume":"56","author":"Kozakiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozakiewicz, M., and Gabryelczak, I. (2022). Bone Union Quality after Fracture Fixation of Mandibular Head with Compression Magnesium Screws. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15062230"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"258","article-title":"Risiken und perioperative Komplikationen bei offenen gelenkchirurgischen Eingriffen","volume":"56","author":"Neff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dtsch. Zahn\u00e4rztl. Z."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2020.12.039","article-title":"Operator Experience and Fracture Location Affects the Rate of Facial Nerve Injury in Condylar Fractures: An Analysis of 89 Cases","volume":"79","author":"Ghezta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.4103\/njms.njms_481_21","article-title":"Is the facial nerve at risk following surgical correction of mandibular condylar fracture: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Sapna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. J. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2015.04.013","article-title":"Clinical and electromyographic assessment of facial nerve function after temporomandibular joint surgery","volume":"44","author":"Elmadawy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2","article-title":"Retrospective Study of Facial Nerve Injury in Temporomandibular Joint Surgeries Following Preauricular Approach","volume":"3","author":"Rajasekhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Curr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2018.04.015","article-title":"Does Encountering the Facial Nerve during Surgical Management of Mandibular Condylar Process Fractures Increase the Risk of Facial Nerve Weakness? A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Ellis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4103\/ams.ams_200_17","article-title":"Facial nerve injury in temporomandibular joint approaches","volume":"8","author":"Moin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunt, B.R., Johnson, S.A., and Klukkert, Z.S. (2025). Distribution, scaling, and depiction of the temporal branches of the facial nerve. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96316-9"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1283053","article-title":"Management of facial paralysis in the 21st century","volume":"27","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2017.12.004","article-title":"Facial Paralysis Discussion and Debate","volume":"26","author":"Tollefson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Noguera, C.M., and Noguera, M.D. (2023). Management of Facial Nerve Palsy: Part Two of a Two-Part Series Exploring the Diagnosis and Management of Facial Paralysis. Rev. Ophthalmol., Available online: https:\/\/www.reviewofophthalmology.com\/article\/management-of-facial-nerve-palsy."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies","volume":"370","author":"Altman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2459-1","article-title":"Classification proposal for fractures of the processus condylaris mandibulae","volume":"23","author":"Kozakiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1389559","article-title":"The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Condylar Process Fractures\u2014Level 3 Tutorial","volume":"7","author":"Neff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2009.08.036","article-title":"Nomenclature\/classification of fractures of the mandibular condylar head","volume":"48","author":"Loukota","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473568","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/473568","article-title":"Anatomy of the Facial Nerve at the Condylar Area: Measurement Study and Clinical Implications","volume":"2014","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-03163-w","article-title":"Longitudinal Study of Risk for Facial Nerve Injury in Mandibular Condyle Fracture Surgery: Marginal Mandibular Branch-Traversing Classification of Percutaneous Approaches","volume":"24","author":"Imai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozakiewicz, M., and Walczyk, A. (2023). Current Frequency of Mandibular Condylar Process Fractures. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041394"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozakiewicz, M., Zieli\u0144ski, R., Krasowski, M., and Okulski, J. (2019). Forces Causing One-Millimeter Displacement of Bone Fragments of Condylar Base Fractures of the Mandible after Fixation by All Available Plate Designs. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12193122"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikora, M., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ski, M., Nowak, Z., Ch\u0119ci\u0144ska, K., Olszowski, T., and Chlubek, D. (2021). The Use of Titanium 3D Mini-Plates in the Surgical Treatment of Fractures of the Mandibular Condyle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163604"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(98)80008-8","article-title":"Surgical reduction and fixation of intracapsular condylar fractures; A follow-up study","volume":"27","author":"Kermer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-005-0600-1","article-title":"Kleinfragmentschrauben vs. Plattenosteosynthese bei Gelenkwalzenfrakturen; Vergleich funktioneller Ergebnisse mit MRT und Achsiographie Small fragment screws vs. plate osteosynthesis in condylar head fractures","volume":"9","author":"Neff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/78913","article-title":"Finite element analysis of newly introduced plates for mandibular condyle neck fracture treatment by open reduction and rigid fixation","volume":"54","author":"Kozakiewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Med. Probl."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Rahnama, M. (2024). Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, PZWL."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adoms.2024.100500","article-title":"Surgical approaches for condylar fractures: An analysis of the advantages of transmeatal retroauricular access","volume":"17","author":"Pulino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"83","article-title":"Surgical Approaches to Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Mandibular Condylar Fractures","volume":"37","author":"Kanno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shimane J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2025.03.013","article-title":"Facial trauma management: A nationwide data collection on practice patterns and patient care in oral and maxillofacial surgery in Germany","volume":"53","author":"Becker","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2017.10.007","article-title":"Complications in the treatment of mandibular condylar fractures: Surgical versus conservative treatment","volume":"216","author":"Poblador","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozakiewicz, M., and Gabryelczak, I. (2022). The Osteosynthesis of the Mandibular Head, Does the Way the Screws Are Positioned Matter?. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11072031"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"273","article-title":"Iatrogenic nerve injuries: Prevalence, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"111","author":"Antoniadis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.22359","article-title":"Facial nerve outcome with a preoperative stimulation threshold under 0.05 mA","volume":"121","author":"Marin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"2","article-title":"Open reduction and internal fixation in temporomandibular joint traumatology: Current concepts and future perspectives","volume":"3","author":"Neff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stomatol. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2023.06.006","article-title":"Treatment for Adult Mandibular Condylar Process Fractures: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"81","author":"Neff","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2020.08.018","article-title":"Application of CAD\/CAM Technology for Surgical Treatment of Condylar Head Fractures: A Preliminary Study","volume":"10","author":"Pavlychuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-020-00236-0","article-title":"Biomechanical Evaluation of Type P Condylar Head Osteosynthesis Using Conventional Small-Fragment Screws Reinforced by a Patient-Specific Two-Component Plate","volume":"16","author":"Pavlychuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pruszy\u0144ska, P., Kozakiewicz, M., Szymor, P., and Wach, T. (2024). Personalized Temporomandibular Joint Total Alloplastic Replacement as a Solution to Help Patients with Non-Osteosynthesizable Comminuted Mandibular Head Fractures. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175257"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402004000300015","article-title":"Rapid Prototyping in Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology: Case Report","volume":"15","author":"Oleskovicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"63","article-title":"Engineering Alloplastic Temporomandibular Joint Replacements","volume":"13","author":"Sinno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mcgill J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2013.02.010","article-title":"The Effect of Electrical Muscle Stimulation on the Prevention of Disuse Muscle Atrophy in Patients with Consciousness Disturbance in the Intensive Care Unit","volume":"28","author":"Hirose","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Brumback, R.A., and Gerst, J. (1984). The effects of nerve injury on the neuromuscular junction. The Neuromuscular Junction, Futura."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"44","article-title":"Physiological basis of electrophysiological studies of the peripheral nervous system","volume":"7","author":"Rola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Postgrad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2021.04.011","article-title":"Effectiveness of Glucocorticoids in Orthognathic Surgery: An Overview of Systematic Reviews","volume":"60","author":"Bravo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000007775","article-title":"Effect of Perioperative Systemic Dexamethasone on Pain, Edema, and Trismus in Mandibular Fracture Surgery: A Randomized Trial","volume":"32","author":"Oksa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.04010.x","article-title":"Mechanisms and clinical implications of glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of allergic rhinitis","volume":"158","author":"Okano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.17085\/apm.20089","article-title":"Perioperative glucocorticoid management based on current evidence","volume":"16","author":"Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13005-017-0153-1","article-title":"The influence of dexamethasone on postoperative swelling and neurosensory disturbances after orthognathic surgery: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Fuessinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Head Face Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24462","article-title":"Nimodipine for peripheral nerve recovery after maxillofacial and vestibular schwannoma surgery","volume":"50","author":"Scheller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Robertson, V., Ward, A., Low, J., and Reed, A. (2009). Physical Therapy: Clinical and Biophysical Aspects, Pa\u0144stwowy Zak\u0142ad Wydawnictw Lekarskich (Urban & Partner)."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)00707-1","article-title":"The treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy: The International Optic Nerve Trauma Study","volume":"106","author":"Levin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66552-X","article-title":"Final results of MRC CRASH, a randomised placebo-controlled trial of intravenous corticosteroid in adults with head injury\u2014Outcomes at 6 months","volume":"365","author":"Edwards","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35612","article-title":"The Effect of Perineural Dexamethasone on Nerve Injury and Recovery of Nerve Function after Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5603\/mrj.98022","article-title":"Effect of low-frequency magnetic field (magnetic stimulation) and kinesitherapy on the level of selected blood parameters in haemodialysis patients","volume":"9","author":"Tomczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-024-01256-9","article-title":"Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMF) as a Valid Tool in Orthognathic Surgery to Reduce Post-Operative Pain and Swelling: A Prospective Study","volume":"28","author":"Friscia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobiech, M., Cz\u0119pi\u0144ska, A., Zieli\u0144ski, G., Zawadka, M., and Gawda, P. (2022). Does Application of Lymphatic Drainage with Kinesiology Taping Have Any Effect on the Extent of Edema and Range of Motion in Early Postoperative Recovery following Primary Endoprosthetics of the Knee Joint?. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11123456"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-015-0787-0","article-title":"Influence of Kinesiologic Tape on Post-Operative Swelling after Orthognathic Surgery","volume":"15","author":"Tozzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.909915","article-title":"The Impact of the Use of Kinesio Taping Method on the Reduction of Swelling in Patients after Orthognathic Surgery: A Pilot Study","volume":"24","author":"Kijak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Skowro\u0144ski, J. (2025). Surgery of the Peripheral Nerves, Exemplum."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Kandel, E.R., Schwartz, J.H., and Jessell, T.M. (2000). Principles of Neural Science, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"154","article-title":"Fundamentals of electro diagnosis in peripheral nerve palsy","volume":"49","year":"2007","journal-title":"Balneology"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"11","article-title":"Clinical Recommendations for the Use of Neurotropic B Vitamins (B1, B6, and B12) for the Management of Peripheral Neuropathy: Consensus from a Multidisciplinary Expert Panel","volume":"71","author":"Pinzon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13207","article-title":"B Vitamins in the Nervous System: Current Knowledge of the Biochemical Modes of Action and Synergies of Thiamine, Pyridoxine, and Cobalamin","volume":"26","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"B\u0142aszczyk, J.W. (2004). Clinical Biomechanics, PZWL."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Traczyk, W.Z. (2005). Human Physiology in Outline, PZWL."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2285-z","article-title":"Striated Muscle Function, Regeneration, and Repair","volume":"73","author":"Shandrin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta, M. (2023). Atlas of Facial Nerve Surgery and Reanimation Procedures, Thieme.","DOI":"10.1055\/b-0042-192931"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000976","article-title":"Management of Facial Nerve Trauma","volume":"32","author":"Greiner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"e34083","article-title":"Evaluating Adherence to Diabetic Retinopathy Care in an Urban Ophthalmology Clinic Utilizing the Compliance With Annual Diabetic Eye Exams Survey","volume":"15","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"144","article-title":"A COVID-19 j\u00e1rv\u00e1ny miatt elrendelt els\u0151 vesz\u00e9lyhelyzet a pszichi\u00e1triai betegek szemsz\u00f6g\u00e9b\u0151l: Gondoz\u00f3i felm\u00e9r\u00e9s; The first lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic from the psychiatric patients\u2019 perspective: An ambulatory care client experience survey","volume":"22","author":"Pogany","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Hung."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iorga, M., Soponaru, C., Socolov, R.V., C\u0103r\u0103uleanu, A., and Socolov, D.G. (2021). How the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Period Influenced the Health Status and Determined Changes in Professional Practice among Obstetrics and Gynecology Doctors in Romania. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57040325"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cha, H.J., and Jeon, M.K. (2024). Experience of Family Caregivers in Long-Term Care Hospitals During the Early Stages of COVID-19: A Phenomenological Analysis. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12222254"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bielecki-Kowalski, B., Kowalczyk, O., Podziewska, M., Agier, P., Kroc-Szczepkowska, A., and Kozakiewicz, M. (2024). The Evaluation of Oral Health in Patients Undergoing Dental Treatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237216"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2021.102378","article-title":"Current and future use of telemedicine in surgical clinics during and beyond COVID-19: A narrative review","volume":"66","author":"McMaster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894241295475","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 and socioeconomic determinants on appointment non-attendance in an urban otolaryngology clinic: A retrospective analysis from a safety net hospital","volume":"134","author":"Puyo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"e16711","article-title":"Evaluating patient adherence to routine and symptom indicated colonoscopies during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Mason","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.02.012","article-title":"Comparison of various approaches for the treatment of fractures of the mandibular condylar process","volume":"40","author":"Handschel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2025.01.018","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of open treatment of condylar head fractures using cannulated headless bone screws\u2014A retrospective analysis","volume":"54","author":"Franke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."}],"container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/13\/3\/121\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:27:24Z","timestamp":1760034444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/13\/3\/121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["medsci13030121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci13030121","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3271"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3271","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]}}}