{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:07:19Z","timestamp":1791410839486,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) is a common arrhythmia often treated with catheter ablation, particularly pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). However, recurrence remains frequent and is often linked to unrecognized structural and functional remodeling of the left atrium. Methods: We introduce the Echocardiographic Atrial Strain and conduction Evaluation (EASE) score as a theoretical, noninvasive model to stratify recurrence risk in patients undergoing catheter ablation for PAF. The score is based on the hypothesis that integrated echocardiographic parameters can reflect the extent of atrial remodeling relevant to ablation outcomes. Results: The EASE score combines six echocardiographic metrics\u2014left atrial reservoir strain (LASr), atrial conduction time (PA-TDI), left atrial volume index (LAVI), stiffness index (E\/e\u2032\/LASr), E\/e\u2032 ratio, and contractile strain (LASct)\u2014each representing structural, electrical, or mechanical remodeling. The total score ranges from 0 to 12, stratifying patients into low, intermediate, and high-risk categories for arrhythmia recurrence. Preliminary retrospective data suggest a significant association between higher EASE scores and increased recurrence rates following ablation. Conclusions: The EASE score offers a biologically plausible, multidimensional framework for noninvasive risk prediction in PAF ablation. Prospective studies are warranted to validate its clinical utility and refine its structure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13030131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T14:51:46Z","timestamp":1755183106000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Left Atrial Mechanics and Remodeling in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Introducing the EASE Score for Pre-Ablation Risk Prediction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7687-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulvio","family":"Cacciapuoti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, \u201cA. Cardarelli\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Caso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u201cV. Monaldi\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossella","family":"Gottilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, \u201cA. Cardarelli\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Minicucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u201cSan Leonardo\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Volpicelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Arrhythmology, \u201cSanta Maria della Piet\u00e0\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pio","family":"Caso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, \u201cV. Monaldi\u201d Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3314","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae176","article-title":"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"45","author":"Rienstra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.03.337","article-title":"The Increasing Role of Rhythm Control in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"79","author":"Camm","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. 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