{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:51:54Z","timestamp":1791946314233,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]],"date-time":"2025-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Ependymomas are primary CNS neoplasms that arise from the ependymal cells of the brain and spinal cord, accounting for 3\u20136% of all CNS tumors. Aims: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of ependymoma survival patterns and examines non-cancer causes of death in the US. Methods: This retrospective study used data from SEER 17 registries between 2000 and 2019 to evaluate the incidence of ependymoma, as well as the survival and mortality trends in the US. Results: A total of 3821 patients were included, with 842 (22%) deaths. The highest mortality was observed in younger patients (&lt;18 years) within one year of diagnosis (SMR, 54.77; 95% CI, 38.95\u201374.88). Brain and other nervous system cancers were the leading causes of death, followed by non-cancer causes, particularly cerebrovascular diseases, pneumonia, influenza, and septicemia. The survival rates observed at one, three, and five years were 94% (95% CI: 0.94\u20130.95), 88% (95% CI: 0.87\u20130.89), and 84% (95% CI: 0.82\u20130.85), respectively. Conditional survival improved over time, with a three-year conditional relative survival rate of 92% after one year of diagnosis and 96% for those who survived five years. Conclusion: The death rate was highest among pediatric patients under 18 years of age. Cerebrovascular disorders were the leading non-cancer cause of death across all time intervals. The probability of surviving for three years increases for patients who have already survived one, three, or five years post-diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13030139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T07:53:12Z","timestamp":1755503592000},"page":"139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Survival Patterns and Mortality Causes in Patients with Invasive Ependymoma: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis from 2000 to 2019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anas","family":"Elgenidy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8473-6116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Aboelgheet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman F.","family":"Gad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usama","family":"El-Shokhaiby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Al Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thamer A. M.","family":"Alruwaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 75741, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelrahman N.","family":"Abdelal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71111, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kawashty R.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71111, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Bazzazeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hesn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Damietta 25242, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelrahman H.","family":"Elshimy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Magdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11591, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa Ali","family":"Gamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4656-5886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amira A.","family":"Elhoufey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Nursing, Alddrab University College, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shymaa Adel","family":"Ismael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Al-Azhar University for Girls, Cairo 11754, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Afifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 44192, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Fahmy M.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71111, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amany","family":"Ragab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2005.09.001","article-title":"Radial glia cells are candidate stem cells of ependymoma","volume":"8","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.04.002","article-title":"Molecular classification of ependymal tumors across all CNS compartments, histopathological grades, and age 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