{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T10:10:49Z","timestamp":1793441449768,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["0088-2025-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0088-2025-0005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of incretins spans more than a century and has revealed their essential role in glucose homeostasis and metabolic regulation. This understanding has led to the development of incretin receptor agonists as highly effective pharmacological agents for the treatment of such cardiometabolic diseases as type 2 diabetes and obesity, showing substantial benefits in glycemic control, body weight reduction, and cardiometabolic outcomes. However, their use is limited by adverse events, most commonly gastrointestinal intolerance, along with ongoing safety concerns regarding pancreatic, renal, and ophthalmologic effects. Although incretin-based therapies have fundamentally reshaped the management of diabetes and obesity, continued innovation in drug design and delivery holds promise for expanding their applicability, improving patient adherence, and reinforcing their role as a cornerstone of metabolic disease management and beyond. This review summarizes the historical development, molecular design, and clinical relevance of incretin-based therapies, with particular emphasis on approved agents used in current clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13040269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T10:07:03Z","timestamp":1763114823000},"page":"269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Incretin-Based Therapies Through the Decades: Molecular Innovations and Clinical Impact"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3341-4248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur Anatolievich","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2096-3237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria Alexandrovna","family":"Khotina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0748-9238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry Alexandrovich","family":"Kashirskikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga Evgenevna","family":"Voronko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vagif Ali oglu","family":"Gasanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey Valentinovich","family":"Vasiliev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-024-02097-4","article-title":"Curbing the Obesity Epidemic: Should GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Be the Standard of Care for Obesity?","volume":"26","author":"Kaplan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. 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