{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:52:44Z","timestamp":1780552364079,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the scientific and technical program","award":["BR28512409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR28512409"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Epilepsy is a major neurological disorder associated with significant comorbidity and treatment challenges. In low- and middle-income countries, access to newer antiseizure medications (ASMs) remains limited, and prescription patterns often rely on older agents. This study aimed to characterize national prescribing patterns of ASMs among patients with epilepsy in Kazakhstan from 2021 to 2023. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study using de-identified electronic health record data from the Unified National Electronic Health System of Kazakhstan. All patients with an ICD-10 diagnosis of epilepsy (G40) and at least one ASM prescription during 2021\u20132023 were included. Prescription frequencies, therapy type, and chronic polytherapy levels were analyzed. Associations between therapy type, age, and comorbidity status were determined. Results: A total of 54,274 patients were identified (median age 42 years; interquartile range (IQR) 31\u201357). Monotherapy predominated: 61.7% remained on monotherapy, 18.5% remained on polytherapy, and 19.8% had mixed exposure. Carbamazepine and valproic acid were most frequently prescribed (64.3% and 45.6% of patients, respectively). Among those with chronic medication data (n = 15,752), nervous-system drugs were common (70.1%), led by psycholeptics (49.7%); frequently dispensed agents included chlorpromazine (n = 5991), clozapine (n = 1875), and risperidone (n = 1642). Cardiovascular agents were recorded in 37.2% (acetylsalicylic acid n = 4056; atorvastatin n = 2235), and diabetes drugs in 12.1% (metformin n = 1430). Conclusions: Epilepsy treatment in Kazakhstan remains dominated by older broad-spectrum ASMs, while the use of lamotrigine and levetiracetam is steadily increasing. The frequent co-prescription of psychotropic and cardiometabolic drugs underscores the need for coordinated, multidisciplinary care and continued monitoring of prescribing patterns to enhance treatment safety and effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13040276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T11:17:27Z","timestamp":1763551047000},"page":"276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prescription Patterns of Antiseizure Medication in Adult Patients with Epilepsy in Kazakhstan (2021\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3887-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dina","family":"Kalinina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana Z05P3Y4, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Epileptology Centre, RSE Medical Centre Hospital of the President\u2019s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana Z05M4E8, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1060-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Temirgali","family":"Aimyshev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana Z05P3Y4, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alimzhan","family":"Muxunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana Z05P3Y4, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Epileptology Centre, RSE Medical Centre Hospital of the President\u2019s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana Z05M4E8, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhassulan","family":"Utebekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epileptology Centre, RSE Medical Centre Hospital of the President\u2019s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana Z05M4E8, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1156-9374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaziz","family":"Kyrgyzbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epileptology Centre, RSE Medical Centre Hospital of the President\u2019s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana Z05M4E8, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darkhan","family":"Kimadiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epileptology Centre, RSE Medical Centre Hospital of the President\u2019s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana Z05M4E8, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guldana","family":"Zhumabaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epileptology Centre, RSE Medical Centre Hospital of the President\u2019s Affairs Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana Z05M4E8, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9844-8772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abduzhappar","family":"Gaipov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana Z05P3Y4, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5734-7468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Sarria-Santamera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana Z05P3Y4, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e203","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00302-5","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Epilepsy, 1990\u20132021: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"10","author":"Feigin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2025.07.013","article-title":"Epidemiological Trends of Idiopathic Epilepsy in Central Asia: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study (1990\u20132021)","volume":"131","author":"Kalinina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Seizure Eur. 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