{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:09:30Z","timestamp":1789168170848,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minciencias Colombia","award":["121989786084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["121989786084"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Neuroimmune and metabolic dysregulation have been increasingly implicated in the cognitive heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it remains unclear whether anti-inflammatory diets engage distinct biological and cognitive pathways in autistic and neurotypical children. This study examined whether a 12-week anti-inflammatory dietary protocol produces group-specific neuroimmune\u2013metabolic signatures and cognitive responses in autistic children, neurotypical children receiving the same diet, and untreated neurotypical controls. Methods: Twenty-two children (11 with ASD, six a on neurotypical diet [NT-diet], and five neurotypical controls [NT-control]) completed pre\u2013post assessments of plasma IFN-\u03b3, CXCL1, RANTES (CCL5), trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and an extensive ENI-2\/WISC-IV neuropsychological battery. Linear mixed-effects models were used to test the Time \u00d7 Group effects on biomarkers and cognitive domains, adjusting for age, sex, and baseline TMAO. Bayesian estimation quantified individual changes (posterior means, 95% credible intervals, and posterior probabilities). Immune\u2013cognitive coupling was explored using \u0394\u2013\u0394 correlation matrices, network metrics (node strength, degree centrality), exploratory mediation models, and responder (\u22650.5 SD domain improvement) versus non-responder analyses. Results: In ASD, the diet induced robust reductions in IFN-\u03b3, RANTES, CXCL1, and TMAO, with decisive Bayesian evidence for IFN-\u03b3 and RANTES suppression (posterior P(\u03b4 &lt; 0) &gt; 0.99). These shifts were selectively associated with gains in verbal learning, semantic fluency, verbal reasoning, attention, and visuoconstructive abilities, whereas working memory and executive flexibility changes were heterogeneous, revealing executive vulnerability in individuals with smaller TMAO reductions. NT-diet children showed modest but consistent improvements in visuospatial processing, attention, and processing speed, with minimal biomarker changes; NT controls remained biologically and cognitively stable. Network analyses in ASD revealed a dense chemokine-anchored architecture with CXCL1 and RANTES as central hubs linking biomarker reductions to improvements in fluency, memory, attention, and executive flexibility. \u0394TMAO predicted changes in executive flexibility only in ASD (explaining &gt;50% of the variance), functioning as a metabolic node of executive susceptibility. Responders displayed larger coordinated decreases in all biomarkers and broader cognitive gains compared to non-responders. Conclusions: A structured anti-inflammatory diet elicits an ASD-specific, coordinated neuroimmune\u2013metabolic response in which suppression of CXCL1 and RANTES and modulation of TMAO are tightly coupled with selective improvements in verbal, attentional, and executive domains. Neurotypical children exhibit modest metabolism-linked cognitive benefits and minimal immune modulation. These findings support a precision-nutrition framework in ASD, emphasizing baseline immunometabolic profiling and network-level biomarkers (CXCL1, RANTES, TMAO) to stratify responders and design combinatorial interventions targeting neuroimmune\u2013metabolic pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14010011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T23:54:36Z","timestamp":1766966076000},"page":"11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CXCL1, RANTES, IFN-\u03b3, and TMAO as Differential Biomarkers Associated with Cognitive Change After an Anti-Inflammatory Diet in Children with ASD and Neurotypical Peers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2190-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa Fernanda","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Estudios Sociales y Empresariales, Doctorado en Ciencias Cognitivas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Antigua Estaci\u00f3n del Ferrocarril, Manizales 170004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8232-3176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Andr\u00e9s","family":"Me\u00f1aca-Puentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Inteligencia Artificial e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 170004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8093-0712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa Matilde","family":"Salamanca-Duque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Antigua Estaci\u00f3n del Ferrocarril, Manizales 170004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6990-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marysol","family":"Valencia-Buitrago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Antigua Estaci\u00f3n del Ferrocarril, Manizales 170004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s Felipe","family":"Ruiz-Pulecio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Antigua Estaci\u00f3n del Ferrocarril, Manizales 170004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Ruiz-Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Inteligencia Artificial e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 170004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana Mar\u00eda","family":"Trejos-Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Manizales, Manizales 170004, Colombia"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Manizales, Manizales 170004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9944-4573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Carmona-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica, Universidad de Manizales, Manizales 170004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra Bibiana","family":"Campuzano-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Cat\u00f3lica Luis Amig\u00f3, Sede Manizales, Manizales 170004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3758-7525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Orjuela-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Bioinform\u00e1tica y Biolog\u00eda Computacional de Colombia (BIOS), Manizales 170004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1515-7804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Mart\u00ednez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Antigua Estaci\u00f3n del Ferrocarril, Manizales 170004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Trivi\u00f1o-Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Antigua Estaci\u00f3n del Ferrocarril, Manizales 170004, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9398-7443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Andr\u00e9s","family":"Naranjo-Galvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Antigua Estaci\u00f3n del Ferrocarril, Manizales 170004, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedicina, Instituci\u00f3n Universitaria Visi\u00f3n de las Am\u00e9ricas, Pereira 660003, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0138-4","article-title":"Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"6","author":"Lord","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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