{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T21:29:07Z","timestamp":1784842147858,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015763","name":"University of Szeged","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is often associated with hyperuricemia, both conditions worsening kidney function. Sodium\u2013glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors improve glycemic control and kidney function; however, data on their long-term antihyperuricemic effects in real-world clinical settings remain limited. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors versus allopurinol on serum uric acid (sUA), kidney function, and clinical outcomes. Methods: This retrospective cohort study evaluated patients with T2DM and hyperuricemia initiated on 10 mg empagliflozin (n = 70), 10 mg dapagliflozin (n = 78), or 100 mg allopurinol (n = 66) between 1 January 2017, and 1 January 2020. Drug dosages were kept constant throughout the study. Baseline and follow-up data (3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months) were collected. Results: Over 36 months, empagliflozin and dapagliflozin significantly reduced sUA (from 452 (95) to 399 (69) \u00b5mol\/L and from 450 (81) to 364 (71) \u00b5mol\/L, respectively) and stabilized eGFR without a significant decline. Allopurinol also reduced sUA (from 430 (89) to 345 (69) \u00b5mol\/L) but was associated with a progressive eGFR decline (from 70 (35) to 57 (32) mL\/min\/1.73 m2). Mortality was the highest in the allopurinol group; however, therapy discontinuation was the lowest with this treatment. Conclusions: SGLT2 inhibitors achieved comparable sUA reduction to allopurinol by 36 months while preserving eGFR. Allopurinol was associated with higher mortality and hospitalization rates; SGLT2 inhibitor therapy was associated with favorable multidomain outcomes, but strategies to address adverse effects are needed to enhance adherence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,28]],"date-time":"2025-12-28T23:54:36Z","timestamp":1766966076000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparison of the Efficacy of Empagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, and Allopurinol Based on Serum Uric Acid Levels and Kidney Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2508-6014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Fejes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Sz\u0151kefalvi-Nagy B\u00e9la Street 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, H\u00f3dmez\u0151v\u00e1s\u00e1rhely-Mak\u00f3 Healthcare Center, 6900 Mak\u00f3, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"J\u00e1mbor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Sz\u0151kefalvi-Nagy B\u00e9la Street 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, H\u00f3dmez\u0151v\u00e1s\u00e1rhely-Mak\u00f3 Healthcare Center, 6900 Mak\u00f3, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5081-7313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Lantos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szabolcs P\u00e9ter","family":"Tall\u00f3sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Sz\u0151kefalvi-Nagy B\u00e9la Street 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v3.i4.156","article-title":"Cardiovascular co-morbidity in chronic kidney disease: Current knowledge and future research needs","volume":"3","author":"Alani","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. 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