{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T13:54:49Z","timestamp":1778162089324,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004881","name":"Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R-2015-785-065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R-2015-785-065"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004881","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives. Pentoxifylline (PTF) is an effective treatment to delay the progress of Diabetic Nephropathy; it also has beneficial effects on heart failure, two closely related clinical conditions. However, the simultaneous Nephroprotective and Cardioprotective effects of PTF have not been appropriately analyzed. The objective of this study was to analyze if both effects occur together in Diabetic patients. Material and Methods. A Randomized Controlled Trial was performed to compare Placebo (P-G) vs. PTF (400 mg\/8 h) (PTF-G) in patients with CKD stages III\u2013IV (KDIGO) due to Diabetic Nephropathy. Creatinine-Cystatin C-based Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFRCysCCr) and Microalbuminuria were evaluated at baseline, six, and twelve months. Echocardiographic assessment of heart morphology and function was performed. Results. Ninety-three patients were available for the final analysis, 52 in the PTF group and 41 in the P group. There were no differences in clinical and biochemical parameters between groups at baseline. At 6 months, microalbuminuria changed 27.96 \u00b1 43.06 in P-G and \u221230.27 \u00b1 41.48 mg\/24 h in PTF-G (p &lt; 0.001), eGFRCysCCr changed \u22121.55 \u00b1 7.10 in P-G and 1.40 \u00b1 7.28 mL\/min\/1.73 m2 in PTF-G (p = 0.083), and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) changed 10.86 \u00b1 16.40 in P-G and \u22122.71 \u00b1 19.52 g\/m2 in PTF-G (p = 0.001). At 12 months, microalbuminuria changed 24.10 \u00b1 43.28 in P-G and \u221243.18 \u00b1 52.13 mg\/24 h in PTF-G (p &lt; 0.001), eGFRCysCCr changed \u22126.55 \u00b1 10.18 in P-G and 0.98 \u00b1 8.17 mL\/min\/1.73 m2 in PTF-G (p = 0.008), and LVMI changed 20.79 \u00b1 20.06 in P-G and \u22120.82 \u00b1 25.95 g\/m2 in PTF-G (p = 0.028). No significant adverse events occurred in any group. Conclusions. Pentoxifylline is a safe and effective treatment with combined Nephroprotective and Cardioprotective effects in advanced diabetic nephropathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14010026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T08:42:58Z","timestamp":1767688978000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Short- and Middle-Term Nephroprotective and Cardioprotective Effects of Pentoxifylline in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7261-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliva","family":"Mej\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Michoac\u00e1n, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia C.P. 58341, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8855-9682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"\u00c1vila-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Cuauht\u00e9moc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 06725, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Prado-Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Cuauht\u00e9moc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 06725, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8526-9925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Eugenia","family":"Galv\u00e1n-Plata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Cuauht\u00e9moc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 06725, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0323-6871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helios","family":"Vega G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General Regional 1, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia C.P. 58341, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1608-1808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cleto","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n Auxiliar M\u00e9dica de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia C.P. 58341, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Biol\u00f3gicas \u201cDr. Ignacio Ch\u00e1vez\u201d, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia 58020, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3379-0147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Cuevas-Budhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Cuauht\u00e9moc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 06725, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3577-9707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Paniagua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Cuauht\u00e9moc 330, Col. Doctores, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 06725, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2024.105244","article-title":"A conceptual framework to assess the health, socioeconomic and environmental burden of chronic kidney disease","volume":"152","author":"Wharton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112277","article-title":"Global type 1 diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality estimates 2025: Results from the International diabetes Federation Atlas, 11th Edition, and the T1D Index Version 3.0","volume":"225","author":"Ogle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2024). 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