{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:11:34Z","timestamp":1791141094216,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH R21","award":["ES033806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES033806"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer remains a significant global health burden despite advances in diagnosis and treatment. In recent years, drug repurposing has emerged as a promising strategy in oncology, offering reduced costs and shorter development timelines compared with de novo drug discovery. Among repurposed agents, the antifungal drug itraconazole has demonstrated anticancer activity across multiple tumor types, particularly when used in combination with other therapeutic modalities. In this review, we summarize current preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the use of itraconazole in cancer therapy, with a specific focus on its combination with chemotherapeutic agents and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitors. We highlight proposed mechanisms underlying this synergy, including modulation of tumor metabolism, angiogenesis, and immune signaling pathways. Additionally, we discuss key challenges and limitations, such as drug\u2013drug interactions and toxicity considerations, that must be addressed to optimize clinical translation. Overall, the combination of itraconazole with chemotherapy or anti-PD-1 therapy represents a promising therapeutic strategy warranting further investigation in well-designed trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14010055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T18:35:56Z","timestamp":1769193356000},"page":"55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Repurposing Itraconazole in Combination with Chemotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor for Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8082-8631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille E.","family":"Zonfa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Thyagarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3857-9073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravi P.","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvad202","article-title":"Epidemiology of Cancer","volume":"70","author":"Schwartz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. 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