{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T16:38:51Z","timestamp":1770914331655,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n para la Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria de Andaluc\u00eda Oriental. Alejandro Otero","award":["Alejandro Otero (FIBAO).AP-0312-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Alejandro Otero (FIBAO).AP-0312-2022"]}]},{"name":"Progress and Health Foundation. Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs of the Regional Government of Andalusia","award":["FPS 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPS 2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of zinc oxide (ZnO) ointments versus non-irritant barrier films (NIBFs) in the prevention of Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis (IAD). Specific objectives included analyzing the effects of treatment over time, establishing when IAD appears in each group, and determining the safety and cost-effectiveness of both treatments. Methodology: A multicenter prospective cohort study was carried out in 10 social health centers in Spain. The final sample included 164 older institutionalized patients with urinary and\/or mixed incontinence, divided into two cohorts (79 with ZnO and 85 with NIBF). Follow-up lasted for six weeks. Validated scales were used for data collection, such as the Categorization of Moisture-Associated Skin Damage (MASD) of the GNEAUPP (National [Spain] group for the assessment of pressure ulcers and chronic wounds) and the Visual Erythema Scale (VES). Results: The overall incidence of IAD was 20.7% in the sample during follow-up. No statistically significant difference in effectiveness was found between ZnO (27.8% incidence of IAD) and NIBF (32.9% incidence of IAD) in preventing IAD (p = 0.479). However, survival analysis suggested that the onset of IAD is delayed more in the NIBF group. No adverse events or side effects were reported attributable solely to the use of the products. When considering the total cost per process (including staff application time), ZnO ointment was EUR 0.02 more expensive per patient per day than NIBFs. Conclusions: Although both products have similar efficacy and safety, NIBFs delay the onset of IAD more than ZnO. In addition, despite a higher unit price, NIBFs are more cost-effective per procedure because of savings in nursing time during application and removal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14010086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T15:28:11Z","timestamp":1770910091000},"page":"86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of Zinc Oxide Ointments Versus Non-Irritating Barrier Films in the Prevention of Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Piedad","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Practice Nurse in Complex Chronic Wounds, Ja\u00e9n Norte Health Management Area, 23700 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa Maria","family":"Torres Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UGC Linares C \u201cSan Jos\u00e9\u201d, 23700 Linares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8589-2551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Dolores","family":"Lopez-Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0038-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agustina","family":"Orozco Cuadrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UGC Linares C \u201cSan Jos\u00e9\u201d, 23700 Linares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Araceli Alarcon","family":"Juarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UGC Linares C \u201cSan Jos\u00e9\u201d, 23700 Linares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0324-5543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicenta","family":"Nava Anguis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UGC Linares C \u201cSan Jos\u00e9\u201d, 23700 Linares, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6038-3726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Pedro","family":"Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez, F.P., Soldevilla-\u00c1greda, J.J., Pancorbo-Hidalgo, P.L., Verd\u00fa Soriano, J., L\u00f3pez-Casanova, P., Rodr\u00edguez-Palma, M., and Torra i Bou, J.E. 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