{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T20:05:27Z","timestamp":1784664327829,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["145965\/2024-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["145965\/2024-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To investigate the potential associations between the daily consumption of unprocessed\/minimally processed foods and serum phosphorus levels, CD3+, and CD45+ cell counts in clinically stable people living with HIV (PLHIV). Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. A total of 92 PLHIV of both sexes participated. Sociodemographic information, physical activity level, anthropometric and body composition data, dietary habits, and blood samples were collected. Results: The mean age of participants was 43.0 \u00b1 12.0 years, with a body mass index of 26.5 \u00b1 6.3 kg\/m2. The majority were male (60.8%), single (64.1%), had low educational attainment (55.4%), were non-smokers (64.1%) and did not consume alcoholic beverages (51.1%), and were physically active (70.7%). A positive association was observed between the daily consumption of unprocessed\/minimally processed foods and serum phosphorus levels (p = 0.01), as well as CD3+ (p = 0.04) and CD45+ (p = 0.04) cell counts. Furthermore, positive correlations were identified between this dietary pattern and serum phosphorus (p = 0.001; r = 0.33) and the percentages of CD3+ (p = 0.03; r = 0.21) and CD45+ (p = 0.03; r = 0.22). Conclusions: The present study suggests that habitual consumption of unprocessed\/minimally processed foods is positively associated with serum phosphorus levels, CD3+, and CD45+ cell counts in PLHIV. While these associations do not imply causality or enhanced antiviral immunity, they highlight the potential role of diet quality in the metabolic and immunological maintenance of stable patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci14010141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T09:10:04Z","timestamp":1773825004000},"page":"141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Daily Consumption of Unprocessed\/Minimally Processed Foods and Its Relationship with Serum Phosphorus, CD3+, and CD45+ Cell Counts in People Living with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kaila Souza Gomes","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Nutrition and Exercise (LABINE), Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0658-7693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Michel","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Nutrition and Exercise (LABINE), Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6609-7683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayara","family":"Bocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Nutrition and Exercise (LABINE), Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4821-445X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio Morato","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0876-2491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Vignoto","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Nutrition and Exercise (LABINE), Federal University of Jata\u00ed, Jata\u00ed 75801-615, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"407","article-title":"Rela\u00e7\u00e3o do consumo de alimentos in natura, processados e ultra processados com g\u00eanero, idade e dados antropom\u00e9tricos","volume":"13","author":"Machado","year":"2019","journal-title":"RBONE-Rev. Bras. Obesidade Nutr. Emagrecimento"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw319","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality-a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"46","author":"Aune","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cena, H., and Calder, P.C. (2020). Defining a Healthy Diet: Evidence for The Role of Contemporary Dietary Patterns in Health and Disease. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020334"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002154","article-title":"Health benefits of fruits and vegetables","volume":"3","author":"Slavin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaclavik, V.A., Christian, E.W., and Campbell, T. (2021). Essentials of Food Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-46814-9"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.008516","article-title":"Phosphorus","volume":"6","author":"Calvo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad188","article-title":"The basics of phosphate metabolism","volume":"39","author":"Wagner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, W., Patankar, V., Kitchen, S., and Zhen, A. (2024). Examining Chronic Inflammation, Immune Metabolism, and T cell Dysfunction in HIV infection. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16020219"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm047","article-title":"Determining the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA viral load using a marginal structural left-censored mean model","volume":"166","author":"Cole","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-014-0237-5","article-title":"Treatment as prevention\u2014Where next?","volume":"11","author":"Hull","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zicari, S., Sessa, L., Cotugno, N., Ruggiero, A., Morrocchi, E., Concato, C., Rocca, S., Zangari, P., Manno, E.C., and Palma, P. (2019). Immune Activation, Inflammation, and Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected Patients under Long-Term ART. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030200"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2021.101471","article-title":"Residual immune dysfunction under antiretroviral therapy","volume":"51","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v35i4.2","article-title":"Lived experience of people living with HIV in Blantyre, Malawi: An exploratory qualitative study","volume":"35","author":"Mankhokwe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malawi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00474.2020","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: Influence of phosphate and magnesium, moderated by vitamin D, on energy (ATP) metabolism and on severity of COVID-19","volume":"320","author":"Deixler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784740","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/784740","article-title":"HIV and malnutrition: Effects on immune system","volume":"2012","author":"Duggal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.33545\/26648865.2024.v6.i1a.32","article-title":"The influence of calcium and phosphorus on immune cell activity","volume":"6","author":"Rocha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anghel, L., Manole, C., Nechita, A., Tatu, A.L., \u0218tef\u0103nescu, B.I., Nechita, L., Bu\u0219il\u0103, C., Zainea, P., Baroiu, L., and Mu\u0219at, C.L. (2023). Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium Abnormalities Associated with COVID-19 Infection, and Beyond. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11092362"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bwakura-Dangarembizi, M., Ziemba, L., Tierney, C., Reding, C., Bone, F., Bradford, S., Costello, D., Browning, R., Moye, J., and Vhembo, T. (2023). Micronutrients and nutritional status among children living with HIV with and without severe acute malnutrition: IMPAACT P1092. BMC Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-023-00774-1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-014-0666-5","article-title":"Intestinal barrier dysfunction in HIV infection: Pathophysiology, clinical implications and potential therapies","volume":"42","author":"Assimakopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01729-07","article-title":"Early impairment of gut function and gut flora supporting a role for alteration of gastrointestinal mucosa in human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis","volume":"46","author":"Gori","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenna, P., Hoffmann, C., Minkah, N., Aye, P.P., Lackner, A., Liu, Z., Lozupone, C.A., Hamady, M., Knight, R., and Bushman, F.D. (2008). The macaque gut microbiome in health, lentiviral infection, and chronic enterocolitis. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0040020"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(99)00206-5","article-title":"Improved assay for fecal calprotectin","volume":"292","author":"Brandsnes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2018.01.009","article-title":"CD45 in human physiology and clinical medicine","volume":"196","author":"Schraven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1997.68","article-title":"The role of CD45 and CD45-associated molecules in T Cell activation","volume":"75","author":"Altin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.140946","article-title":"CD45: A critical regulator of signaling thresholds in immune cells","volume":"21","author":"Hermiston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cenerenti, M., Saillard, M., Romero, P., and Jandus, C. (2022). The Era of Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.867189"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw8151","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aaw8151","article-title":"CD45 functions as a signaling gatekeeper in T cells","volume":"12","author":"Courtney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-022-01017-3","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in T cell signaling and function","volume":"18","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1996.0178","article-title":"Abnormalities of CD45 isoform expression in HIV infection","volume":"81","author":"Mahalingam","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Abbas, K.A., Lichtman, A.H., and Pillai, S. (2019). Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Elsevier. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002458","article-title":"Changing Roles of CD3 + CD8 low T cells in combating HIV-1 infection","volume":"136","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199509000-00010","article-title":"Micronutrients and HIV-1 disease progression","volume":"9","author":"Baum","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5717-5_4","article-title":"Trace Elements and Healthcare: A Bioinformatics Perspective","volume":"1005","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benzekri, N.A., Sambou, J., Diaw, B., Sall, E.H.I., Sall, F., Niang, A., Ba, S., Ngom Gu\u00e8ye, N.F., Diallo, M.B., and Hawes, S.E. (2015). High Prevalence of Severe Food Insecurity and Malnutrition among HIV-Infected Adults in Senegal, West Africa. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141819"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-3-9","article-title":"Association between nutritional status and the immune response in HIV\u2009+\u2009patients under HAART: Protocol for a systematic Review","volume":"3","author":"Sicotte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-015-0056-9","article-title":"Nutritional status and its association with quality of life among people living with HIV attending public anti-retroviral therapy sites of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal","volume":"12","author":"Thapa","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"336","article-title":"Correlation of Nutrition with Immune Status in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Outpatients","volume":"116","author":"Thimmapuram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mo. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2013.1313478","article-title":"Inadequate food intake among adults living with HIV","volume":"131","author":"Giudici","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"61","author":"Altman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-115","article-title":"Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF): A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"12280","article-title":"Association between social isolation, level of physical activity, and sedentary behavior in pandemic times","volume":"34","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Promo\u00e7. Sa\u00fade"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Brasil. Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. Secretaria de Aten\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 Sa\u00fade, Departamento de Aten\u00e7\u00e3o B\u00e1sica (2026, January 20). Guia Alimentar Para a Popula\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/saude\/pt-br\/assuntos\/saude-brasil\/publicacoes-para-promocao-a-saude\/guia_alimentar_populacao_brasileira_2ed.pdf\/view."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"e-214772","article-title":"Unprocessed\/minimally processed foods daily intake reduced anxiety symptoms in a brazilian academic community during the period of social isolation during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"58","author":"Vilela","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicina (Ribeir\u00e3o Preto)"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Weir, C.B., and Jan, A. (2023). BMI Classification Percentile And Cut Off Points. StatPearls, InternetStatPearls Publishing. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK541070\/."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00099622","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311xpt099622","article-title":"Ades\u00e3o \u00e0 terapia antirretroviral de pessoas vivendo com HIV\/aids em Florian\u00f3polis, Santa Catarina, Brasil","volume":"39","author":"Maria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cad. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S313","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265100314S403","article-title":"Role of nutrition in HIV infection: Review of evidence for more effective programming in resource-limited settings","volume":"31","author":"Semba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.4.802","article-title":"1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults","volume":"17","author":"Castro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Govers, C., Calder, P.C., Savelkoul, H.F.J., Albers, R., and van Neerven, R.J.J. (2022). Ingestion, immunity, and infection: Nutrition and viral respiratory tract infections. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.841532"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2021.105032","article-title":"Use of long-acting injectable antiretroviral agents for human immunodeficiency Virus: A review","volume":"146","author":"Ariyo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287087","DOI":"10.1080\/17513758.2023.2287087","article-title":"Mathematical model on HIV and nutrition","volume":"17","author":"Bandara","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biol. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v23i1.19","article-title":"Effect of nutrition education on dietary diversity among HIV patients in Southeast, Nigeria","volume":"23","author":"Ezenwosu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P. (2022). Influence of Foods and Nutrition on the Gut Microbiome and Implications for Intestinal Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179588"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S184","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1217-0549","article-title":"Auswirkungen von Bewegung auf die Gesundheit","volume":"82","author":"Miko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gesundheitswesen"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw430","article-title":"Impact of Cigarette Smoking and Smoking Cessation on Life Expectancy Among People With HIV: A US-Based Modeling Study","volume":"214","author":"Reddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2009.0211","article-title":"Alcohol use accelerates HIV disease progression","volume":"26","author":"Baum","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venter, C., Eyerich, S., Sarin, T., and Klatt, K.C. (2020). Nutrition and the Immune System: A Complicated Tango. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030818"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6761","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3628","article-title":"Common foods for boosting human immunity: A review","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-10186-4","article-title":"Importance of trace elements in the immunometabolic health of people living with HIV\/AIDS: A literature review","volume":"52","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"507","article-title":"Antiretroviral Therapy-Associated Metabolic Complications: Review of the Recent Studies","volume":"12","author":"Thet","year":"2020","journal-title":"HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.33696\/AIDS.6.048","article-title":"Potential Advantages of a Well-balanced Nutrition Regimen for People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1","volume":"6","author":"Basta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. AIDS HIV Treat."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u0142aszczyk, J.W. (2023). Metabolites of Life: Phosphate. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13070860"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Dunn, J., and Grider, M.H. (2023). Physiology, Adenosine Triphosphate. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"49","article-title":"Serum calcium and phosphorus levels of HIV\/AIDS positive patients","volume":"2","author":"Akande","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Wide J. Multidiscip. Res. Devel."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/73208","article-title":"Mutations in the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 gene in a child with severe combined immunodeficiency disease","volume":"6","author":"Kung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116441","article-title":"Key links in the physiological regulation of the immune system and disease induction: T cell receptor -CD3 complex","volume":"227","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182797363","article-title":"Poor diet quality is associated with low CD4 count and anemia and predicts mortality among antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV-positive adults in Uganda","volume":"62","author":"Rawat","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114599000379","article-title":"Micronutrients and the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"81","author":"Semba","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/14\/1\/141\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T05:17:23Z","timestamp":1773983843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3271\/14\/1\/141"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["medsci14010141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medsci14010141","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3271"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3271","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]}}}